l-carnitine chloride

Carnitine is a quaternary amine that occurs naturally in most mammalian tissue. Carnitine is present in relatively high concentrations in skeletal muscle and heart where it is involved in regulating energy metabolism. It has also been used to allow the en

Eicosapentaenoyl-L-carnitine chloride 是由 Eicosapentaenoic Acid 和 L-Carnitine 构成的一种长链酰基肉碱。在失焦透镜导致的近视小鼠模型中，喂食富含 n-3 n-6 多不饱和脂肪酸 (PUFAs) 的小鼠，其眼部的 Eicosapentaenoyl-L-carnitine chloride 水平有所上升。

Myristoyl-L-carnitine chloride (L-Myristoylcarnitine chloride) 是人体的代谢物之一，与遗传代谢疾病有关。Tetradecanoylcarnitine 是研究糖尿病和自身免疫性肝炎的潜在标记物。

Stearoyl-L-carnitine chloride（Acylcarnitine C18:0） 是一种存在于小脑中的长链酰基肉碱，抑制 GlyT2 ，是研究脂代谢的重要组成部分。

Isobutyryl-L-carnitine chloride 是 DDI 评估的潜在临床 OCT1 生物标志物，可用于研究心力衰竭。

Butyryl-L-carnitine chloride (Standard)（丁酰基-L-肉碱氯化物标准品）是一种内源性的脂肪酸代谢物，属于酰基肉碱类化合物，在血浆中作为生物标志物，可用于改善心力衰竭的诊断和预后，同时也是异常脂质和能量代谢的指标。作为标准品，丁酰基肉碱可用于定量检测和代谢通路研究。

Lauroyl-L-carnitine chloride (Standard)（L-氯化月桂酰肉碱 标准品）是一种中长链酰基肉碱，参与脂肪酸代谢过程，可作为生物标志物用于研究脂肪酸氧化障碍和相关代谢紊乱。作为标准品，可用于定量检测和代谢通路研究。

Myristoyl-L-carnitine chloride (Standard)（十四烷酰基-L-肉碱氯化物标准品）是一种长链酰基肉碱，参与脂肪酸代谢过程,作为生物标志物可用于研究脂肪酸氧化障碍和相关代谢紊乱。作为标准品，可用于定量检测和代谢通路研究。

Oleoyl-L-carnitine是一种长链酰基肉碱，也是一种糖苷转运体2（GlyT2；IC50 = 340 nM）的抑制剂，对GlyT2比对GlyT1（IC50 = >10,000 nM）具有选择性。慢性肾脏病或接受初始血液透析的终末期肾脏病患者的血浆中Oleoyl-L-carnitine水平增高，这与心血管死亡率相关。

Levocarnitine propionate hydrochloride (ST-261) 可用于肾功能恶化，充血性心脏衰竭，间歇性跛行等疾病的研究。

Lauroyl-L-carnitine (chloride) (Lauroyl-L-carnitine Hydrochloride)是一种酰基肉碱和表面活性剂，已被用于渗透猪肠细胞，以输送极性荧光探针荧光黄。

Linoleoyl-L-carnitine is a naturally occurring long-chain acylcarnitine. Hepatic levels of linoleoyl-L-carnitine are increased following high-dose (200 mg kg) administration of isoniazid in mice.

Isovaleryl-L-carnitine is a naturally occurring acylcarnitine that is formed via metabolic conversion of L-leucine. It increases survival and decreases apoptosis in hepatocyte growth factor-deprived murine C2.8 hepatocytes when used at a concentration of 1 mM. Isovaleryl-L-carnitine inhibits amino acid deprivation-induced proteolysis and autophagy in isolated perfused rat liver when used at concentrations of 77 and 100 μM, respectively. Increased levels of isovaleryl carnitine are associated with isovaleryl-CoA dehydrogenase deficiency (isovaleric acidemia).

Decanoyl-L-carnitine is an ester derivative of L-carnitine . It increases the formation of C24 fatty acid intermediates, as well as docosapentaenoic and docosahexaenoic acid in rat hepatocytes.

L-Palmitoylcarnitine chloride (Palmitoyl-L-carnitine chloride)是一种脂肪酸代谢产物，具有抗血栓形成的作用，通过抵消tMCAO模型中的脑内血栓形成来保护小鼠免受缺血性中风。L-Palmitoylcarnitine chloride抑制心脏中的Na K泵，抑制 FeCl 3诱导的动脉血栓形成，减轻了短暂性大脑中动脉闭塞（tMCAO）小鼠模型的脑内血栓形成和炎症。

Butyryl-L-carnitine is a butyrate ester of carnitine. It is an inhibitor of intestinal transporters, blocking carnitine uptake by the carnitine transporter and glycine transport by the amino acid transporter in human retinal pigment epithelial (HRPE) cells (IC50s = 1.5 μM and 4.6 mM, respectively).

Heptanoyl-L-carnitine is a medium-chain acylcarnitine and derivative of L-carnitine .

Hexanoyl-L-carnitine is a medium-chain acylcarnitine. It has been used in the synthesis of acylcarnitine benzyl esters.1 1.Gong, X.-w., Li, J.-p., Wu, J.-f., et al.Synthesis of carnitine benzyl esters as prodrugsJ. Chem. Res.2008(6)327-330(2008)

Valeryl-L-carnitine is a short-chain acylcarnitine and a derivative of L-carnitine . Valeryl-L-carnitine levels increase in the serum of rhesus monkeys following exposure to 7 and 10 Gray units (Gy) of ionizing radiation.[1]

Palmitoylcarnitine chloride (Palmitoyl DL-carnitine chloride) 是一种线粒体脂肪酸氧化中间体，可介导脂质内心脏保护。Palmitoylcarnitine chloride 通过消耗谷胱甘肽来消除结直肠癌细胞的存活，诱导癌细胞死亡，调节蛋白激酶 C βII 与其受体 RACK1 之间的相互作用。

2-Methylbutyrylcarnitine (chloride) 作为一种支链酰基肉碱，是肠道微生物代谢的产物。它通过结合血小板中的整合素α2β1，不仅促进细胞质磷脂酶 A2 (cPLA2) 的活化，而且增强了血小板的过度反应性。此外，实验表明，2-Methylbutyrylcarnitine (chloride) 能显著提升小鼠血小板的超反应性和血栓形成能力。

(±)-Acetylcarnitine chloride (Acetyl dl-carnitine chloride) 是一种弱胆碱能激动剂，具有神经保护作用，可用于研究神经炎。

(±)-Hexanoylcarnitine chloride 是一种脂肪酸代谢产物，能将脂肪酸分解成能够被身体利用的小分子化合物。(±)-Hexanoylcarnitine chloride 可通过大鼠骨骼肌毒性特异性从而作为一种生物标志物。(±)-Hexanoylcarnitine chloride 具有胆碱能活性。

(±)-Octanoylcarnitine chloride is a homolog of acetylcarnitine chloride.