9(Z),11(E)-Conjugated linoleic acid is an isomer of linoleic acid that has been found in beef and milk fat.1It binds to peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor α (PPARα; IC50= 140 nM) and activates the receptor in a reporter assay using COS-1 cells expressing mouse PPARα when used at a concentration of 100 μM.29(Z),11(E)-Conjugated linoleic acid inhibits TNF-α-inducedGLUT4expression and increases insulin-stimulated glucose transport in 3T3-L1 adipocytes.3Dietary administration of 9(Z)11(E)-conjugated linoleic acid reduces serum fasting glucose, insulin, and triglyceride levels and decreases white adipose tissue macrophage infiltration inob obmice. It also increases body weight gain and body fat in weanling mice.4[Matreya, LLC. Catalog No. 1278] 1.Shultz, T.D., Chew, B.P., Seaman, W.R., et al.Inhibitory effect of conjugated dienoic derivatives of linoleic acid and β-carotene on the in vitro growth of human cancer cellsCancer Lett.63(2)125-133(1992) 2.Moya-Camarena, S.Y., Heuvel, J.P.V., Blanchard, S.G., et al.Conjugated linoleic acid is a potent naturally occurring ligand and activator of PPARαJ. Lipid Res.40(8)1426-1433(1999) 3.Moloney, F., Toomey, S., Noone, E., et al.Antidiabetic effects of cis-9, trans-11-conjugated linoleic acid may be mediated via anti-inflammatory effects in white adipose tissueDiabetes56(3)574-582(2007) 4.Pariza, M.W., Park, Y., and Cook, M.E.The biologically active isomers of conjugated linoleic acidProg. Lipid Res.40(4)283-298(2001)
Resolvin D4 (RvD4) is a specialized pro-resolving mediator derived from docosahexaenoic acid . [1] It has been detected in humanmilk, in the dorsal pouch of mice before and after infection with S. aureus, and in untreated tissues from humans, mice, and sardines.[2][3] RvD4, at 10 ng mouse, reduces neutrophil infiltration in zymosan A-induced peritonitis and, at 200 ng mouse, diminishes neutrophil infiltration in response to S. aureus infection. [3] With isolated cells, RvD4 promotes phagocytosis of bacteria, opsonized zymosan A, and apoptotic neutrophils by human macrophages.[3] It also promotes the clearance of apoptotic neutrophils by human fibroblasts.[3] Reference:[1]. Serhan, C.N., and Savill, J. Resolution of inflammation: The beginning programs the end. Nature Immunology 6(12), 1191-1197 (2005).[2]. Arnardottir, H., Orr, S.K., Dalli, J., et al. Humanmilk proresolving mediators stimulate resolution of acute inflammation. Mucosal. Immunol. 9(3), 757-766 (2016).[3]. Winkler, J.W., Orr, S.K., Dalli, J., et al. Resolvin D4 stereoassignment and its novel actions in host protection and bacterial clearance. Sci.Rep. 6, (2016).
8(Z),14(Z)-Eicosadienoic Acid, an ω-8 C20:2 fatty acid, constitutes 0.19% of total fatty acids in humanmilk. In vivo, it is converted by desaturases into eicosatrienoic acids, known for their potent vasodilator properties. However, the physiological effects of 8(Z),14(Z)-Eicosadienoic Acid remain unexplored.
1-Myristoyl-2-linoleoyl-3-oleoyl-rac-glycerol, a triacylglycerol, features myristic acid, linoleic acid, and oleic acid at the sn-1, sn-2, and sn-3 positions, respectively. This compound is prevalent in mature humanmilk, infant formula fats, and butterfat.
1,3-Dilinoleoyl-2-stearoyl glycerol, a triacylglycerol, incorporates linoleic acid at the sn-1 and sn-3 positions and stearic acid at the sn-2 position. This compound is present in soybean oil and both transitional and mature humanmilk.
1-Palmitoyl-2-linoleoyl-3-stearoyl-rac-glycerol, a triacylglycerol, comprises palmitic acid (at the sn-1 position), linoleic acid (at the sn-2 position), and stearic acid (at the sn-3 position). This compound is present in mature humanmilk and various plant oils.