Ganglioside GQ1b is a tetrasialoganglioside that contains two sialic acid residues linked to an inner galactose unit. It stimulates phosphorylation of several ecto-type protein kinase substrates on the surface of GOTO human neuroblastoma cells when used at a concentration of 5 nM. Ganglioside GQ1b promotes differentiation of murine embryonicstemcells (mESCs) to neuronal precursor and glial cells via activation of the ERK1/2 pathway. It also induces differentiation of murine keratinocytes through phosphoinositide turnover. Ganglioside GQ1b mixture contains ganglioside GQ1b molecular species with C18:1 and C20:1 sphingoid backbones.
MS351 is an antagonist of chromobox 7 (CBX7) that acts by binding the CBX7 chromodomain. It enhances the binding of long noncoding RNA to the CBX7 chromodomain when used at 25 μM. MS351 induces transcriptional derepression of CBX7 target genes, including p16 (INK4a), in mouse embryonicstemcells and human prostate cancer PC3 cells.
MEDS433 is a dihydroorotate dehydrogenase inhibitor (IC50 1.2 nM). MEDS433 inhibited the in vitro replication of hCoV-OC43 and hCoV-229E, as well as of SARS-CoV-2, at low nanomolar range. Notably, the anti-SARS-CoV-2 activity of MEDS433 against SARS-CoV-2 was also observed in kidney organoids generated from human embryonicstemcells.
TWS-119 is an inhibitor of glycogen synthase kinase-3β (GSK-3β) that induces neuronal differentiation in pluripotent murine embryonal carcinoma cells and embryonicstemcells (ESCs).