degranulation

(R)-Citronellol ((R)-(+)-β-Citronellol) 是一种存在于天竺葵精油中的醇单萜。它抑制肥大细胞的脱颗粒，并且不影响咖啡因的苦味感。它能够用于装饰性化妆品，盥洗用品以及非化妆品中。

PKC ζ pseudosubstrate acetate 是蛋白激酶 C (PKC) ζ 的抑制剂；附着于细胞通透性触角足结构域载体肽。由 PKC ζ 假底物结构域的氨基酸 113-129 组成，通过二硫键连接到触角足结构域载体肽。 Antennapedia 肽在 4 或 37°C 时被完整细胞积极吸收，确保快速有效地吸收抑制肽。一旦进入细胞，二硫键在细胞质中被还原，导致抑制肽的释放。通过 PKC ζ 非依赖性途径诱导肥大细胞脱粒。

Meclofenamate sodium is a potent non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent, which can specifically inhibit chemokine-induced human polymorphonuclear leukocyte function: chemotaxis, degranulation, and superoxide anion free radical production.

8 Hydroxy PIPAT oxalate 是一种选择性5-HT1A受体激动剂，主要功能是促进肠道肥大细胞释放组胺。该化合物能激活血清素信号通路，在豚鼠和人类肠道制剂中引起肥大细胞脱颗粒现象。此外，8 Hydroxy PIPAT oxalate 可增强组胺的自发释放，这一特性有助于调节胃肠功能，并可能对理解及抑制功能性胃肠道疾病如肠易激综合征等疾病具有研究和治疗的潜在价值。

Histamine glutarimide是谷氨酰肽环转移酶 (QPCT) 的新型抑制剂，靶向嗜酸性粒细胞迁移和肥大细胞脱粒等关键炎症过程。在多种临床前过敏性哮喘动物模型中，Histamine glutarimide表现出显著抗哮喘作用。

GE1111 是一种 mas 相关 G 蛋白偶联受体 X2 (MRGPRX2) 的拮抗剂，其 IC50 为 9.42 μM。它能够抑制肥大细胞的脱颗粒，IC50 为 4.7 μM。GE1111 在 C48/80诱发的全身过敏反应模型中展示了抗过敏和抗炎的效果。

Z-3578是一种小分子拮抗剂，专门作用于MrgX2 (Mas-related G protein-coupled receptor X2)，具备显著的抗假性过敏功能，KD值为729 nM。Z-3578能有效抑制由substance P (SP)和C48/80诱导的肥大细胞脱颗粒，并减少β-hexosaminidase的释放，其IC50分别为4.90 µM和6.18 µM。同时，它还能显著降低组胺和TNF-α的释放以及细胞内钙流的增加。此外，在小鼠假性过敏模型中，Z-3578有效减轻足部肿胀、染料渗出，并降低血清组胺水平，显示出其良好的体内抗过敏活性。因而，Z-3578有望成为抗过敏特别是针对假性过敏反应的候选化合物。

Mrgx2 antagonist-3 (Compound B-40) 是一种高选择性的 MrgX2 receptor 拮抗剂，其 IC50 为 0.042-2.5 nM。它通过阻断下游 G 蛋白信号传导和 β-阻滞蛋白募集，抑制 Mrgx2 受体介导的钙内流和细胞脱颗粒。Mrgx2 antagonist-3 有潜力用于慢性荨麻疹和过敏性哮喘等炎症相关疾病和瘙痒症的研究。

APC 366是一种选择性的tryptase抑制剂(Ki=7.1 μM)，tryptase是一种肥大细胞脱粒过程中释放的丝氨酸蛋白酶,可降低气道对过敏原的急性反应，能够用于哮喘过敏治疗。

Cariporide (HOE-642) 是一种选择性的Na+/H+交换抑制剂。

(R)-ZINC-3573是一种有效且高选择性的MRGPRX2探针。(R)-ZINC-3573激活人肥大细胞系中的内源性MRGPRX2，诱导细胞脱粒和钙释放。

Neuromedin C is a bombesin-like neuropeptide that stimulates uterine smooth muscle contraction and the release of gastrin , somatostatin, and amylase in rats. Neuromedin C is a truncated form of gastrin-releasing peptide corresponding to the GRP amino acids 18-27. It inhibits GRP and bombesin binding to rat pancreatic membranes (IC50s = 0.4 and 2.2 nM, respectively), which can be reduced by sodium chloride and guanylyl imidodiphosphate . Neuromedin C induces scratching and mast cell degranulation in mice when administered intradermally at doses ranging from 1 to 300 nmol/site, which is inhibited by the BB2 bombesin receptor agonist RC-3095 and reduced in mast cell-deficient mice. Neuromedin C (3.2 nmol/kg, i.p.) reduces rat glucose consumption by approximately 50% for up to one hour.

Oleic acid-13C is intended for use as an internal standard for the quantification of oleic acid by GC- or LC-MS. Oleic acid is a monounsaturated fatty acid and a major component of membrane phospholipids that has been found in human plasma, cell membranes, and adipose tissue.1,2 It contributes approximately 17% of the total fatty acids esterified to phosphatidylcholine, the major phospholipid class in porcine platelets.1 Oleic acid inhibits collagen-stimulated platelet aggregation by approximately 90% when used at a concentration of 10 μg/ml. It also inhibits fMLF-induced neutrophil aggregation and degranulation by 55 and 68%, respectively, when used at a concentration of 5 μM, similar to arachidonic acid .3 Oleic acid (60 μM) induces release of intracellular calcium in human platelets.4

Ingenol 3,20-dibenzoate is a powerful activator of protein kinase C (PKC) isoforms. It effectively induces the translocation of nPKC-delta, -epsilon, and -theta as well as PKC-mu from the cytosolic fraction to the particulate fraction. Through de novo synthesis of macromolecules, it triggers apoptosis with characteristic morphology. Moreover, Ingenol 3,20-dibenzoate enhances IFN-γ production and degranulation in NK cells, particularly when stimulated by NSCLC cells[1][2].

PAR2 (1-6) amide is a synthetic peptide agonist of proteinase-activated receptor 2 (PAR2) that corresponds to residues 1-6 of the amino terminal tethered ligand sequence of human PAR2 and residues 37-42 of the full-length sequence.1It binds to NCTC 2544 cells expressing human PAR2 (Ki= 9.64 μM in a radioligand binding assay) and induces calcium mobilization in the same cells (EC50= 0.075 μM).2PAR2 (1-6) amide (100 μM) reduces colony formation of A549 lung cancer cells.1It induces superoxide production and degranulation in isolated human eosinophils when used at a concentration of 500 μM.3PAR2 (1-6) amide (5 μmol/kg) induces tear secretion in rats when used in combination with amastatin .4 1.Bohm, S.K., Kong, W., Bromme, D., et al.Molecular cloning, expression and potential functions of the human proteinase-activated receptor-2Biochem. J.314(Pt 3)1009-1016(1996) 2.Kanke, T., Ishiwata, H., Kabeya, M., et al.Binding of a highly potent protease-activated receptor-2 (PAR2) activating peptide, [3H]2-furoyl-LIGRL-NH2, to human PAR2Br. J. Pharmacol.145(2)255-263(2005) 3.Miike, S., McWilliam, A.S., and Kita, H.Trypsin induces activation and inflammatory mediator release from human eosinophils through protease-activated receptor-2J. Immunol.167(11)6615-6622(2001) 4.Nishikawa, H., Kawai, K., Tanaka, M., et al.Protease-activated receptor-2 (PAR-2)-related peptides induce tear secretion in rats: Involvement of PAR-2 and non-PAR-2 mechanismsJ. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther.312(2)324-331(2005)

Streptochlorin is a bacterial metabolite originally isolated from Streptomyces sp. SF2583 that has diverse biological activities, including antiangiogenic, antiproliferative, and anti-allergic properties. It inhibits TNF-α-induced NF-κB transcriptional activity and decreases proliferation of human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) when used at concentrations ranging from 5 to 20 μM. Streptochlorin (12 μg/ml) decreases viability of, as well as induces apoptosis and increases the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in, Hep3B human hepatocellular carcinoma cells. It does not induce cytotoxicity in RBL-2H3 mast cells at concentrations up to 100 μM. Streptochlorin prevents degranulation in antigen-stimulated mast cells, as well as inhibits Syk kinase and the Src family kinases LYN and Fyn and reduces the secretion of TNF-α and IL-4 induced by dinitrophenyl-human serum album (DNP-HSA) in RBL-2H3 mast cells. It also decreases swelling and reduces scratching behavior in a mouse model of allergic dermatitis induced by dinitrofluorobenzene (DNFB).

9(S),12(S),13(S)-TriHOME is a linoleic acid-derived oxylipin that has diverse biological activities.1,2,3,4It has been found in various plants and is produced in human eosinophils in a 15-lipoxygenase-dependent, soluble epoxide hydrolase-independent manner.1,59(S),12(S)13(S)-TriHOME inhibits antigen-induced β-hexosaminidase release from RBL-2H3 mast cells (IC50= 28.7 μg/ml).2It inhibits LPS-induced nitric oxide (NO) production in BV-2 microglia (IC50= 40.95 μM).3In vivo, 9(S),12(S),13(S)-TriHOME (1 g/animal) enhances the antiviral IgA and IgG antibody responses induced by a nasal influenza hemagglutinin (HA) vaccine by 5.2- and 2-fold, respectively, in mice.4 1.Hamberg, M., and Hamberg, G.Peroxygenase-catalyzed fatty acid epoxidation in cereal seeds: Sequential oxidation of linoleic acid into 9(S),12(S),13(S)-trihydroxy-10(E)-octadecenoic acidPlant Physiol.110(3)807-815(1996) 2.Hong, S.S., and Oh, J.S.Inhibitors of antigen-induced degranulation of RBL-2H3 cells isolated from wheat branJ. Korean Soc. Appl. Biol. Chem.5569-74(2012) 3.Kim, C.S., Kwon, O.W., Kim, S.Y., et al.Five new oxylipins from Chaenomeles sinensisLipids49(11)1151-1159(2014) 4.Shirahata, T., Sunazuka, T., Yoshida, K., et al.Total synthesis, elucidation of absolute stereochemistry, and adjuvant activity of trihydroxy fatty acidsTetrahedron62(40)9483-9496(2006) 5.Fuchs, D., Tang, X., Johnsson, A.-K., et al.Eosinophils synthesize trihydroxyoctadecenoic acids (TriHOMEs) via a 15-lipoxygenase dependent processBiochim. Biophys. Acta Mol. Cell Biol. Lipids1865(4)158611(2020)

LTB4 dimethyl amide is a moderate inhibitor of LTB4-induced degranulation of human neutrophils (Ki = 130 nM) and lysozyme release from rat PMNL. LTB4 dimethyl amide appears to be an antagonist of the LTB4 receptor on guinea pig lung membranes.

5(S),15(S)-DiHETE is synthesized by 15-LO from 5(S)-HETE. It potentiates the degranulation of human PMNL in response to PAF, but not fMLP, calcium ionophore A23187, or LTB4. 5(S),15(S)-DiHETE is chemotactic for eosinophils with an ED50 value of 0.3 μM.

20-hydroxy LTB4 is a metabolite of LTB4 in human neutrophils. In human leukocytes, LTB4 is inactivated by the enzyme LTB4 20-hydroxylase. 20-hydroxy LTB4 is not only much less active (~5%) compared to LTB4 in causing degranulation of PMNL, but actually inhibits LTB4-induced degranulation of human neutrophils (Ki = 13.3 nM). However, 20-hydroxy LTB4 is as active as LTB4 in contracting parenchymal strips from guinea pig lung. 20-hydroxy LTB4 retains considerable ligand binding affinity at the BLT2 receptor, but does not appear to function as an agonist.

pNPS-DHA is an arylamide derivative of docosahexaenoyl ethanolamide that has anti-allergic activity.1It inhibits degranulation of RBL-2H3 mast cells (IC50= 15 μM).pNPS-DHA (1,000 mg/kg) inhibits IgE-dependent passive cutaneous anaphylaxis (PCA) in mice. 1.Kim, I.-H., Kanayama, Y., Nishiwaki, H., et al.Structure-activity relationships of fish oil derivatives with anti-allergic activity in vitro and in vivoJ. Med. Chem.62(21)9576-9592(2019)

Compound 48/80是一种组胺释放剂，通过激活肥大细胞表面的G蛋白偶联受体，提高细胞内钙离子浓度并激活phospholipase D，诱导细胞脱颗粒和类过敏性休克等炎症。

Licochalcone D 是一种 NF-κB p65的有效抑制剂，是一种存在于 Glycyrrhiza inflate 中的黄酮类化合物，具有抗氧化、抗炎、抗癌等作用。

Acetylshikonin 来源于紫草根，具有抗癌、抗炎作用。它是一种 AChE 抑制剂，具有很强的抗凋亡活性。它是一种非选择性的细胞色素 P450抑制剂，对所有 P450 亚型抑制的 IC50值范围为 1.4-4.0 μM。