cyclic

Ibudilast (MN-166) 是一种环腺苷酸磷酸二酯酶 (PDE) 抑制剂，具有抗血小板聚集作用。它能够抑制气管平滑肌收缩性，可用于研究哮喘。它可对抗活化小胶质细胞的神经毒性，可能是一种有效的神经保护和抗痴呆药物。

Isophorone 是一种可用作聚合物前体的 α,β-不饱和环状酮。

Cyclo(his-pro) 是一种口服具有活力的，结构上与促甲状腺激素释放激素相关的环状二肽。它能够抑制NF-κB 核积累，也能够穿越脑血屏障并影响多种炎症和应激反应。

Apremilast (CC-10004) 是一种口服有效的磷酸二酯酶 4 抑制剂，IC50为 74 nM。它抑制脂多糖释放TNF-α，IC50为 104 nM。

G140 是选择性环状GMP-AMP 合酶抑制剂，具有抗炎活性，对 h-cGAS 和 m-cGAS 的IC50值分别为 14.0 和 442 nM。

Cyclic-di-GMP disodium (5GP-5GP disodium) 是一种 STING 激动剂，也是细菌的第二信使，参与原核生物的多种过程，包括生物膜的形成、运动、和细胞周期的进展。Cyclic-di-GMP disodium (5GP-5GP disodium) 对癌细胞显示出抗增殖活性，可诱导 CD4 受体表达升高和细胞周期停滞，是可以开发预防或治疗癌症的新型治疗剂。

Cyclic ADP-ribose (cADPR) is an effective calcium mobilization second messenger, which is synthesized from NAD + by ADP-ribosyl cyclase. Cyclic ADP-ribose mainly increases cytosolic calcium through Ryanodine receptor-mediated endoplasmic reticulum release

Sp-cAMPS sodium salt 作为 cAMP 类似物，是一种依赖 cAMP 的PKA I 和PKA II 的有效激活剂。Sp-cAMPS sodium salt 还是一种有效的竞争性磷酸二酯酶 (PDE3A) 抑制剂，Ki 为 47.6 μM。Sp-cAMPS sodium salt 结合PDE10 GAF 结构域，EC50为 40 μM 。

Pifithrin-α, p-Nitro, Cyclic (PFN-α) 是 p53 的细胞渗透性和活性形式抑制剂。它对暴露于 Etoposide 的皮层神经元的保护作用比 Pifithrin-α 强一个数量级，ED50为30 nM。它也作为 p53 转录后的活性抑制剂。

Cyclic-di-GMP is a STING agonist and ubiquitous second messenger, which regulates the formation, motility and virulence of biofilms in various bacterial species.

Cyclic di-AMP (c-di-AMP) is a second messenger produced by bacteria but not by mammals. Generated by a family of diadenylate cyclases, c-di-AMP can impact bacterial cell growth, cell wall homeostasis, pathogenicity, and other cellular functions. Bacteria-derived cyclic dinucleotides, including c-di-AMP, trigger the expression of interferon genes in mammalian cells.

Rp-8-bromo-Cyclic AMPS (Rp-8-bromo-cAMPS) is a cell-permeable cAMP analog that combines an exocyclic sulfur substitution in the equatorial position of the cyclophosphate ring with a bromine substitution in the adenine base of cAMP. It acts as an antagonist of cAMP-dependent protein kinases (PKAs) and is resistant to hydrolysis by cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterases. Rp-8-bromo-cAMPS more effectively antagonizes cAMP-dependent activation of purified PKA type I from rabbit muscle than PKA type II from bovine heart.

Cyclic di-UMP is a pyrimidine-containing cyclic dinucleotide (CDN).1It is produced by bacterial cGAS DncV-like nucleotidyltransferases (CD-NTases), such as LpCdnE02 fromL. pneumophila, and binds to cGAS, in the apo or dsDNA-bound forms, with reduced affinity compared to 2'3'-cGAMP or 3'3'-cGAMP .1,2Cyclic di-UMP is intended for use as a negative control for cyclic di-GMP signaling. 1.Whiteley, A.T., Eaglesham, J.B., de Oliveira Mann, C.C., et al.Bacterial cGAS-like enzymes synthesize diverse nucleotide signalsNature564(7747)194-199(2019) 2.Hall, J., Ralph, E.C., Shanker, S., et al.The catalytic mechanism of cyclic GMP-AMP synthase (cGAS) and implications for innate immunity and inhibitionProtein Sci.26(12)2367-2380(2017)

Cyclic ADP-ribose (cADP-ribose) is an endogenous metabolite of NAD+ that mobilizes the release of stored Ca2+ in the endoplasmic reticulum via ryanodine receptors in various cell types.[1],[2],[3],[4],[5] This second messenger is generated via the cADP-ribose synthases CD38 and CD157.[6],[5],[7] cADP-Ribose may also trigger the cell surface Ca2+ influx channel TRPM2 in a temperature-dependent manner.[8] In vitro, cADP-ribose modulates Ca2+ signaling in rat and mouse cardiomyocytes treated with isoproterenol , and treatment with this metabolite at 100 μM under heat stress conditions induces the release of oxytocin from the mouse hypothalamus.[9],[4]

Cyclic ADP-ribose ammonium (cADPR ammonium) is a powerful calcium mobilization second messenger synthesized from NAD+ by an ADP-ribosyl cyclase. It primarily raises cytosolic calcium levels through Ryanodine receptor-mediated release from the endoplasmic reticulum, while also facilitating extracellular influx through the opening of TRPM2 channels [1][2][3].

Cyclic ADP-ribose (cADP-ribose) is a calcium mobilizing nucleotide that is biosynthesized from NAD+ by cADP-ribose synthases, including CD38. cADP-Ribose appears to activate calcium channels in intracellular membranes, which in turn activate ryanodine receptors. 8-bromo-cADP-Ribose is a stable, cell-permeable analog that blocks calcium release evoked by cADP-ribose in sea urchin egg homogenates with an IC50 value of 1.7 μM. It is commonly used to investigate intracellular signaling through cADP-ribose in isolated cells and tissues.

Cyclic HPMPC 是有效的抗病毒剂，可以增加感染致死性牛痘苗病毒 (IHD 株) 小鼠的动脉氧饱和度水平。用 Cyclic HPMPC 治疗可改善先天性豚鼠巨细胞病毒 (GPCMV) 感染的结果并减少豚鼠模型中的病毒复制。

Cyclic di-GMP sodium (c-di-GMP sodium) 是一种 STING 激活剂，也是一种无处不在的第二信使，具有调节生物膜的形成、运动和各种细菌的毒力的作用。

Cyclic di-GMP (c-di-GMP) diammonium 是一种STING 激活剂和无处不在的第二信使，调节生物膜的形成、运动和各种细菌的毒力。

CTTHWGFTLC, CYCLIC TFA 是一种基质金属蛋白酶 MMP-2和MMP-9的环肽抑制剂。对MMP-9的IC50约为 8 μM。

Cyclic SSTR agonist octreotide 是一种 Octreotide ，可作为生长抑素受体 (SSTR) 的激动剂。

Cyclic MKEY TFA为CXCL4-CCL5异二聚体的合成环肽抑制剂，可通过调控炎症反应预防动脉粥样硬化和主动脉瘤。此外，该化合物亦能阻止小鼠中风后脑损伤的发生。

Cyclic PSAP peptide（DWLPK）是一种环五肽，具有活性分子特性，在体内能够抑制肿瘤转移扩散和发展。

CCAP（Crustacean cardioactive peptide，Cyclic）为一种具有调节昆虫心脏功能的非极性肽，由9个氨基酸组成，最初自tobacco hawkmoth（Manduca sexta）中分离。其结构特征包括第3位与第9位氨基酸的半胱氨酸残基形成的二硫键，以及羧基末端的氨化。