bitter

Sucrose octaacetate 是蔗糖的乙酰化衍生物，具有强烈的苦味，可用作苦味替代品。它可用作食品添加剂，还可用作粘合剂和增塑剂。它也可用作软模板，以合成聚苯胺纳米纤维。它还用于许多农药，杀虫剂和其他有毒产品中，以防止意外中毒。

Ethylhydrocupreine hydrochloride (Optochin hydrochloride) 是奎宁的一种衍生物，具有抗菌作用，可抑制肺炎链球菌的活性。Ethylhydrocupreine hydrochloride 具有抗疟活性，对 Plasmodium falciparum 的IC50为 25.75 nM。Ethylhydrocupreine hydrochloride 是Gallus gallus2 受体 (ggTas2r1，ggTas2r2和ggTas2r7) 激动剂。

(R)-(+)-Citronellal （(+)-Citronellal）可从柑橘、薰衣草和桉树油中分离得到的单萜化合物，具有抗真菌活性,通过抑制苦味受体 TAS2R43 和 TAS2R46 来减轻咖啡因的苦味,常用于护肤品行业。

Lascivol is a bitter substance derived from Tricholoma lascivum.

9(Z),11(E),13(E)-Octadecatrienoic Acid ethyl ester (α-ESA) is a conjugated polyunsaturated fatty acid commonly found in plant seed oil. This fatty acid accounts for about 60% of the total fatty acid composition of bitter gourd seed oil and about 70% in tung oil. α-ESA is metabolized and converted to conjugated linoleic acid (9Z,11E-CLA) in rats. It has shown potential as a tumor growth suppressor. In colon cancer Caco-2 cells, α-ESA induced apoptosis through up-regulation of GADD45, p53, and PPARγ. In DLD-1 cells supplemented with α-ESA, apoptosis was induced via lipid peroxidation with an EC50 of 20 μM. It also inhibits DNA polymerases and topoisomerases with IC50s ranging from ~5-20 μM for different isoforms of the enzymes. α-ESA ethyl ester is a neutral, more lipid soluble form of the free acid.

Methyl alpha-eleostearate (α-ESA) is a conjugated polyunsaturated fatty acid commonly found in plant seed oil. This fatty acid accounts for about 60% of the total fatty acid composition of bitter gourd seed oil and about 70% in tung oil. α-ESA is metabolized and converted to conjugated linoleic acid (9Z,11E-CLA) in rats. It has shown potential as a tumor growth suppressor. In colon cancer Caco-2 cells, α-ESA induced apoptosis through up-regulation of GADD45, p53, and PPARγ. In DLD-1 cells supplemented with α-ESA, apoptosis was induced via lipid peroxidation with an EC50 of 20 μM. It also inhibits DNA polymerases and topoisomerases with IC50s ranging from ~5-20 μM for different isoforms of the enzymes. α-ESA methyl ester is a neutral, more lipid soluble form of the free acid.

Cyclo(L-Phe-L-Val) is a metabolite of the sponge bacterium Pseudoalteromonas sp. NJ6-3-1 that can autoinduce production of antibacterial substances active against S. aureus when co-cultured at a low cell density. It induces neurite outgrowth and branching of chick cortical neurons in vitro when used at concentrations of 16 and 32 μM. It increases phosphorylation of the PI3K substrate Akt, and neurite outgrowth induced by cyclo(L-Phe-L-Val) can be blocked by the PI3K inhibitor LY294002 . Cyclo(L-Phe-L-Val) enhances axon sprouting of calcitonin gene-related protein positive (CGRP+) primary afferents in the spinal cord following crush injury and of serotonin neurons in uninjured spinal cord. Cyclo(L-Phe-L-Val) is also a bitter taste component of cocoa and roasted coffee.

Kushenol O 是一种天然化合物，属于黄酮类。它可从苦参中分离得到。

β-Acids colupulone为苦味化合物，可从啤酒花中提取分离。

GIV3727 是 hTAS2R 苦味受体的拮抗剂，能够抑制糖精与安赛蜜对 hTAS2R31 的活化作用，有效改善食品、饮料和药品的苦味特性。

Glycyrrhetinic acid-d3 是 Glycyrrhetinic acid 的氘代化合物。Glycyrrhetinic acid 的 CAS 号为 1449-05-4。Glycyrrhetinic acid是一种饮食衍生的化合物，是NF-kB的抑制剂和蛋白酶体的激活剂，在多细胞生物中起到促进长寿和抗聚集因子的作用。它诱导细胞凋亡。

Mogroside IIe 是一种天然来源的三萜糖苷，作为非糖类甜味剂，Mogroside 比蔗糖更甜。Mogroside 具有抗氧化，抗糖尿病和抗癌活性。

Homoeriodictyol 是 Eriocitrin 的代谢物，属于黄酮类。Eriocitrin 是强效抗氧化剂。

Momordicoside A（苦瓜苷A）是从苦瓜（Momordica charantia L.）中分离得到的三萜皂苷类化合物，具有多种生物活性，对蛋白酪氨酸磷酸酶（PTP1B）具有抑制作用，可用于治疗2型糖尿病。此外，Momordicoside A还具有抗炎、抗氧化、抗肿瘤、抗HIV AIDS的潜在作用。

Momordicosides K and L, the main bitter taste triterpene glycosides in Bitter melon; and bitter melon has been reported to have hypoglycemic, anti atherogenic and anti HIV activities.

Yadanziolide B 是一种来自 Brucea mollis 茎部的苦木苦素类化合物，具有细胞毒性，IC50 值为 3.00-5.81 μM。

Bruceoside A 是可从鸦胆子分离得到的苦木苷，具有抗癌和肿瘤活性，可用于研究白血病。

Dehydrobruceantinol shows bitter taste and has antileukemic activity.

Glaucin B is a new bitter limonoid.

Jasminin 是一种苦味天然化合物，属于黄酮类化合物，存在于各种植物中，包括茉莉花，并已被证明具有抗炎、抗氧化和抗肿瘤活性。

Lyoniresinol 是一种从 Tarenna attenuata 分离出来的木质素，具有清除自由基的活性（IC50为82.4μM）和 DPPH 的抗氧化活性，显示出抗黑色素生成活性。Lyoniresinol 有强烈的苦味，而其对映体(-)-Lyoniresinol 是无味的。

Trifloroside is a bitter iridoid glycoside.

Campneoside I, 一种苦苯丙苷, 可从Incarvillea compacta的根部分离得到。

LACTUCOPICRIN 是一种在诸如菊苣、卷心莴苣和生菜等叶类蔬菜中发现的苦味倍半萜内酯，具有抗疟疾、抗癌和镇痛的特性。它能抑制NF-κB的激活。通过其抗炎特性，膳食中的lactucopicrin能够抑制小鼠动脉粥样硬化的形成。因此，补充lactucopicrin是预防动脉粥样硬化心血管疾病的一个有希望的策略。