at-121

AT-121 是一种双重μ-阿片和神经肽受体部分激动剂（Kis 分别为 16.49 和 3.67 nM）。它能刺激[35S]GTPγS 与表达μ-阿片受体或神经肽受体的细胞膜结合（EC50s 分别为 19.6 和 34.7 nM）。AT-121（0.003-0.03 mg kg）能以剂量依赖的方式降低辣椒素诱导的热异感，但不会增加恒河猴的搔抓活动。在恒河猴药物自我给药试验中，AT-121 每次注射剂量为 0.3 至 10 μg kg，它缺乏强化作用（一种潜在的滥用标志），不能减少食物颗粒的强化作用。AT-121（0.01 或 0.03 毫克 千克）不会诱发恒河猴的超痛觉，超痛觉是产生耐受性的标志。AT-121 是一种安全、无成瘾性的缓解疼痛药，具有抗伤害和止痛作用。

AT-121 hydrochloride 是一种 nociception 和 mu 阿片受体 (mu opioid receptor)的双重激动剂，Ki 值分别为 3.67 和 16.49 nM。AT-121 hydrochloride 是一种安全、无成瘾性且科缓解疼痛的化合物，具有抗伤害和止痛活性。

Tpl2 kinase inhibitor is an inhibitor of tumor progression locus 2 (Tpl2; IC50= 0.05 μM).1It is selective for Tpl2 over MEK, p38 MAPK, Src, MK2, and PKC (IC50s = >40, 180, >400, 110, and >400 μM, respectively). Tpl2 kinase inhibitor inhibits LPS-induced TNF-α production in isolated human monocytes and whole blood (IC50s = 0.7 and 8.5 μM, respectively). It enhances differentiation induced by calcitriol in HL-60 and U937 leukemia cells when used at a concentration of 5 μM.2Tpl2 kinase inhibitor (5 μM) inhibits the proliferation of KG-1a leukemia cells.3 1.Garvin, L.K., Green, N., Hu, Y., et al.Inhibition of Tpl2 kinase and TNF-α production with 1,7-naphthyridine-3-carbonitriles: Synthesis and structure-activity relationshipsBioor. Med. Chem. Lett.15(23)5288-5292(2005) 2.Wang, X., and Studzinski, G.P.Expression of MAP3 kinase COT1 is up-regulated by 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 in parallel with activated c-jun during differentiation of human myeloid leukemia cellsJ. Steroid. Biochem. Mol. Biol.121(1-2)395-398(2010) 3.Wang, X., Gocek, E., Novik, V., et al.Inhibition of Cot1/Tlp2 oncogene in AML cells reduces ERK5 activation and up-regulates p27Kip1 concomitant with enhancement of differentiation and cell cycle arrest induced by silibinin and 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3Cell Cycle9(22)4542-4551(2010)

AMK is an active metabolite of the neurohormone melatonin .1,2,3,4It is formed from melatoninviathe metabolic intermediate AFMK that is then deformylated by catalase or formamidase.5,6AMK scavenges singlet oxygenin vitrowhen used at a concentration of 200 μM.1It inhibits the epinephrine- and arachidonic acid-induced production of prostaglandin E2and PGD2in ovine seminal vesicle microsomes in a concentration- and time-dependent manner, as well as LPS-induced increases in COX-2 levels in RAW 264.7 macrophages when used at a concentration of 500 μM.2,3AMK (20 mg kg) decreases MPTP-induced increases in lipid peroxidation in the cytosol and mitochondria from substantia nigra and striatum in a mouse model of MPTP-induced Parkinson’s disease.4 1.Schaefer, M., and Hardeland, R.The melatonin metabolite N1-acetyl-5-methoxykynuramine is a potent singlet oxygen scavengerJ. Pineal Res.46(1)49-52(2009) 2.Kelly, R.W., Amato, F., and Seamark, R.F.N-acetyl-5-methoxy kynurenamine, a brain metabolite of melatonin, is a potent inhibitor of prostaglandin biosynthesisBiochem. Biophys. Res. Commun.121(1)372-379(1984) 3.Mayo, J.C., Sainz, R.M., Tan, D.-X., et al.Anti-inflammatory actions of melatonin and its metabolites, N1-acetyl-N2-formyl-5-methoxykynuramine (AFMK) and N1-acetyl-5-methoxykynuramine (AMK), in macrophagesJ. Neuroimmunol.165(1-2)139-149(2005) 4.Tapias, V., Escames, G., López, L.C., et al.Melatonin and its brain metabolite N1-acetyl-5-methoxykynuramine prevent mitochondrial nitric oxide synthase induction in parkinsonian miceJ. Neurosci. Res.87(13)3002-3010(2009) 5.Tan, D.-X., Manchester, L.C., Reiter, R.J., et al.Melatonin directly scavenges hydrogen peroxide: A potentially new metabolic pathway of melatonin biotransformationFree Radic. Biol. Med.29(11)1177-1185(2000) 6.Hirata, F., Hayaishi, O., Tokuyama, T., et al.In vitro and in vivo formation of two new metabolites of melatoninJ. Biol. Chem.249(4)1311-1313(1974)

Cephaeline dihydrochloride（盐酸吐根酚碱）是一种天然的生物碱，是选择性的CYP2D6抑制剂，IC50=121 μM。对5-HT4受体具有亲和力和口服活性，能够引起呕吐。