alanine aminotransferase

Alanine aminotransferase是一种酶，能促进L-丙氨酸与2-氧代谷氨酸之间可逆的转化为丙酮酸和L-谷氨酸。

Ac-Ala-OH (N-Acetyl-L-alanine) 是鸟嘌呤核苷酸结合蛋白G(I) G(S) G(O) γ -2亚基、髓鞘碱性蛋白、GTP-结合核蛋白 Ran、原肌球蛋白 α - 4链、HIV-1 Rev 结合蛋白2、Xaa-Pro 二肽酶、胸腺酶 β -10、肌动蛋白样蛋白3、丙氨酸转氨酶、丝氨酸 苏氨酸蛋白磷酸酶PP1 - β催化亚基、10 kda 热休克蛋白(线粒体)、钙调蛋白和 β -1-syntrophin 的底物。

ZLY032 is a dual agonist of free fatty acid receptor 1 (FFAR1 GPR40; EC50= 68 nM in a FLIPR assay) and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor δ (PPARδ; EC50= 102 nM in a reporter assay).1It is selective for FFAR1 and PPARδ over PPARα and PPARγ (EC50s = >10 μM for both). ZLY032 (40 mg kg, twice per day) reduces blood glucose levels in an oral glucose tolerance test and decreases plasma total cholesterol and triglyceride levels in theob obmouse model of metabolic disease.2It reduces hepatic steatosis and plasma alanine transaminase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) levels in a mouse model of non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) induced by a methionine and choline-deficient diet at the same dose. 1.Li, Z., Chen, Y., Zhou, Z., et al.Discovery of first-in-class thiazole-based dual FFA1 PPARδ agonists as potential anti-diabetic agentsEur. J. Med. Chem.164352-365(2019) 2.Li, Z., Zhou, Z., Hu, L., et al.ZLY032, the first-in-class dual FFA1 PPARδ agonist, improves glucolipid metabolism and alleviates hepatic fibrosisPharmacol Res.159105035(2020)

HPG1860, 作为法尼酮X受体(FXR)的激动剂，在使用表达人类FXR的HEK293T细胞的报告基因检测中能引发发光（EC50 = 18 nM）。动物体内实验显示，HPG1860（每天1、3、或10 mg kg）可以减少非酒精性脂肪性肝炎（NASH）小鼠模型的血清谷丙转氨酶（ALT）和总胆固醇水平，该小鼠模型是通过高脂饮食和四氯化碳（CCl4）诱导的。此化合物还能降低肝部的炎症、脂肪积累及纤维化。

Magnesium isoglycyrrhizinate hydrate (18α-Glycyrrhizic acid Magnesium hydrate) 是一种可从甘草中提取的活性成分，具有抗炎活性，可降低丙氨酸和天冬氨酸氨基转移酶活性，可用于研究 HIV-1 感染。

SHS4121705 is an orally bioavailable mitochondrial uncoupler.1It increases oxygen consumption rate in L6 rat myoblast cells with an EC50value of 4.3 μM. SHS4121705 (25 mg/kg per day in the diet) reduces hepatic steatosis, liver triglyceride levels, and plasma alanine aminotransferase (ALT) levels in Stelic animal model (STAM) mice, a model of non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH). 1.Salamoun, J.M., Garcia, C.J., Hargett, S.R., et al.6-Amino[1,2,5]oxadiazolo[3,4-b]pyrazin-5-ol derivatives as efficacious mitochondrial uncouplers in STAM mouse model of nonalcoholic steatohepatitisJ. Med. Chem.63(11)6203-6224(2020)

6-Azathymine 是胸腺嘧啶的 6-氮类似物，是 D-3-氨基异丁酸酯-丙酮酸氨基转移酶抑制剂，具有抗菌和抗病毒活性，可抑制DNA 的生物合成。

NG,NG-dimethyl-L-arginine-d6 (ADMA-d6) (hydrochloride) is intended for use as an internal standard for the quantification of NG,NG-dimethyl-L-arginine by GC- or LC-MS. ADMA is an endogenous inhibitor of nitric oxide synthase (NOS). It is formed from arginine by protein arginine methyltransferases (PRMTs) and degraded by dimethylarginine dimethylaminohydrolases (DDAHs) and alanine-glyoxylate aminotransferase 2 (AGXT2). ADMA levels are increased concomitant with an increase in blood pressure in Dahl salt-sensitive rats fed a high-salt diet. ADMA levels are increased in the plasma in a variety of endothelial dysfunction-related diseases, including hypertension, congestive heart failure, and end-stage renal disease.

Pap12-6是一种从蝶类P. xuthus幼虫中发现的papiliocin十二个N-端氨基酸衍生的抗菌肽。它对包括E. coli、P. aeruginosa和S. syphimurium在内的八种革兰氏阴性细菌（MIC50s = 4-8 µM）以及革兰氏阳性细菌S. aureus、耐甲氧西林的S. aureus 3126（MRSA-3126）、B. subtilis和S. epidermidis（MIC50s = 4-8 µM）具有活性，但在25 µM浓度下不影响人类红细胞、小鼠RAW 264.7巨噬细胞、人类HaCaT角质形成细胞或人类HEK293肾细胞的活性。Pap12-6在4和8 µM浓度下可引起E. coli的膜去极化。Pap12-6（10 µM）预处理可降低LPS刺激的RAW 264.7巨噬细胞中一氧化氮（NO2-）、Tnf-α和Il-6的分泌水平。在体内，Pap12-6（10 mg/kg）可以提高感染E. coli的小鼠的存活率，并且在剂量为1 mg/kg时减少感染E. coli小鼠的肺、肝和肾中菌落形成单位（CFUs）的数量。Pap12-6（1 mg/kg）在E. coli诱导的败血症小鼠模型中降低血清天门冬氨酸转氨酶（AST）和丙氨酸转氨酶（ALT）水平及血尿素氮水平。

6,6′-Trehalose dioleate（6,6′-TDO）是一种被广泛用于mRNA体内外递送的糖脂化合物。它能高效包裹流感A病毒血凝素A（HA）编码的mRNA，在脂质纳米粒子（LNPs）中使用，用于增强隔离小鼠脾细胞分泌Ifn-γ, Il-2和Tnf-α。在肌肉注射进入小鼠体内后，包含6,6′-TDO的LNPs主要在肝脏与脾脏中集中。区别于未含6,6′-TDO的LNP配方，这种LNPs不会引起血清中血尿素氮（BUN）、乳酸脱氢酶（LDH）、肌钙蛋白I、丙氨酸氨基转移酶（ALT）、及天门冬氨酸氨基转移酶（AST）水平的改变。此外，该LNPs还能提升小鼠血清中IgG1与IgG2a抗体的滴度。

MD001 is a dual agonist of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor α (PPARα) and PPARγ.1 It binds to PPARα and PPARγ (Kds = 9.55 and 0.14 μM, respectively) but does not bind to PPARβ/δ at concentrations up to 500 μM. It increases transcriptional activity of PPARα and PPARγ in a cell-based luciferase reporter assay when used at a concentration of 10 μM. MD001 (10 μM) increases expression of PPARα, PPARγ, and retinoid X receptor (RXR), as well as PPARα and PPARγ target genes, in HepG2 cells. It increases glucose consumption as well as expression of GLUT2 and GLUT4 in HepG2 and 3T3-L1 cells, respectively, in a concentration-dependent manner. MD001 (20 mg/kg) decreases levels of glucose, insulin, free fatty acids, triglycerides, LDL, alanine aminotransferase (ALT), and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) in blood and reduces the size and number of hepatic lipid droplets in diabetic db/db mice.References1. Kim, S.-H., Hong, S.H., Park, Y.-J., et al. MD001, a novel peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor α/γ agonist, improves glucose and lipid metabolism. Sci. Rep. 9(1), 1656 (2019). MD001 is a dual agonist of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor α (PPARα) and PPARγ.1 It binds to PPARα and PPARγ (Kds = 9.55 and 0.14 μM, respectively) but does not bind to PPARβ/δ at concentrations up to 500 μM. It increases transcriptional activity of PPARα and PPARγ in a cell-based luciferase reporter assay when used at a concentration of 10 μM. MD001 (10 μM) increases expression of PPARα, PPARγ, and retinoid X receptor (RXR), as well as PPARα and PPARγ target genes, in HepG2 cells. It increases glucose consumption as well as expression of GLUT2 and GLUT4 in HepG2 and 3T3-L1 cells, respectively, in a concentration-dependent manner. MD001 (20 mg/kg) decreases levels of glucose, insulin, free fatty acids, triglycerides, LDL, alanine aminotransferase (ALT), and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) in blood and reduces the size and number of hepatic lipid droplets in diabetic db/db mice. References1. Kim, S.-H., Hong, S.H., Park, Y.-J., et al. MD001, a novel peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor α/γ agonist, improves glucose and lipid metabolism. Sci. Rep. 9(1), 1656 (2019).

AG-28262 besylate is a VEGFR-2 Inhibitorwhich may affect alanine aminotransferase gene expression and enzymatic activity in the liver.