probes

Probestin is an aminopeptidase M inhibitor, isolated from Streptomyces azureus MH663-2F6.

DAGLβ-IN-1，一种针对二酰基甘油脂肪酶 β (DAGLβ) 的抑制剂，可用作DAGL特异性活性探针的通用中间体。

TCIP 1是一款转录 表观遗传CIPs（TCIP）小分子，结构上为能够分别与BCL6和BRD4结合的小分子共价连接而成。该分子通过募集内源性癌症驱动因子或下游转录因子至细胞死亡基因的启动子，促进胞死亡基因的表达。TCIP 1能形成功能性三元复合物，特异性地与BCL6和BRD4作用，从而取消BCL6对凋亡基因的抑制，增强促凋亡基因的转录活性，并触发细胞凋亡。此外，TCIP 1有效降低致癌基因MYC的表达，并抑制弥漫大B细胞淋巴瘤（DLBCL）的增长。

(-)-Epicatechin gallate ((-)-Epicatechin 3-O-gallate) 抑制环加氧酶-1 的IC50值为 7.5 μM。

Benzofuroxan 被用作合成其他化合物的起始材料，如药物和其他化学品；也用于聚合物的合成；还被用于合成荧光染料，并作为检测某些分子的荧光探针。

DOTA-NHS-ester 是 affibody 分子的接头，应用于小动物 PET、SPECT 和 CT。 它可用于标记放射治疗剂或成像探针以检测肿瘤。

DOTA-NHS-ester (TFA) 是 affibody 分子的一种交联剂，适用于小型动物的正电子发射断层扫描 (PET)、单光子发射计算机断层扫描 (SPECT) 和 CT 扫描。此化合物主要用于标记放射性研究试剂和成像探针，以便于肿瘤的检测。

Acridinium C2 NHS ester是一种具备活性的化学发光标记，专用于蛋白质和核酸探针的开发。该化合物在生物分析与诊断领域中被广泛应用，尤其是在高灵敏度检测方案的提供上表现突出。此外，Acridinium C2 NHS ester在医学研究，特别是生物分子的监测与分析中，发挥着重要作用。

5-Aminofluorescein hydrochloride (5-AF hydrochloride)作为一种高效的荧光标记试剂，在细胞成像和分子探针领域得到了广泛应用。该化合物能够实现蛋白质位置的精确观测及其动态变化的追踪，为生物学研究提供关键视角。此外，5-Aminofluorescein hydrochloride在探测生物分子相互作用方面也显示出其重要价值，促进对复杂生物机制的理解。

4-Chloropyridine 是一种有效的 NNMT 抑制剂，具备潜能作为 NNMT 活性靶向探针开发的研究化合物。此化合物在 NNMT 催化过程中作为底物，与 NNMT 中的非催化半胱氨酸 (C159) 产生反应。通过增强 C4 位置的亲电子性，4-Chloropyridine 促进甲基化吡啶环的氮原子，从而触发芳香亲核取代反应，进一步实现对 NNMT 的自杀性活性抑制。这种作用机制为其在医学和生物化学研究中的应用提供了理论基础。

GAPDH-IN-1 (Compound F8) 是一种GAPDH抑制剂，其对GAPDH酶活性的IC50值为39.31 μM。GAPDH-IN-1 能与活性位点的天冬氨酸形成共价加合物，取代酶的辅因子NAD+，同时增强半胱氨酸反应性探针与催化半胱氨酸的反应。

MU1920是一种ATP竞争性、选择性的haspin抑制剂，IC50为6 nM。[它]在小鼠血浆和微粒体中展现出良好的药代动力学特性和代谢稳定性，无显著抗癌活性，可用于化学探针的开发。

DOTA-NI-FAPI-04 是一种强效的FAP抑制剂 (IC50= 7.44 nM)，通过结合FAP靶向机制和携带缺氧敏感基团 (硝基咪唑)，显著增加了在肿瘤内的摄取和滞留。该化合物利用 DOTA 螯合金属同位素(如68Ga和177Lu)，可生成放射性探针([68Ga]Ga DOTA-NI-FAPI-04 和 [177Lu]Lu DOTA-NI-FAPI-04)，推动肿瘤诊断与治疗剂研究。在癌症成像以及肿瘤微环境研究中，它具有双重靶向潜力，尤其适合研究肿瘤基质和低氧区域协同效应的应用。

CDy9 is a highly selective fluorescent probe for the detection and isolation of mESC using fluorescence microscopy and flow cytometry. CDy9 allows the detection and isolation of intact stem cells with marginal impact on their function and capabilities. CD

DBHDA is a reagent to convert a Cys into a Dha moiety by reacting with a C-terminal Cys residue and thus allowing the use of recombinant Ubl G76C mutants to prepare probes.

m-PEG12-aldehyde is a PEG derivative containing an aldehyde group. Aldehyde is reactive to hydrazide and aminooxy groups which are commonly used in biomolecular probes for labeling and crosslinking carbonyls (oxidized carbohydrates). The hydrophilic PEG s

2,6-Dichloropurine-9-β-D-riboside is a building block.1,2It has been used in the synthesis of photoaffinity probes for nucleotide binding sites in proteins. 1.Wower, J., Hixson, S.S., Sylvers, L.A., et al.Synthesis of 2,6-diazido-9-(β-D-ribofuranosyl)purine 3',5'-bisphosphate: Incorporation into transfer RNA and photochemical labeling of Escherichia coli ribosomesBioconjug. Chem.5(2)158-161(1994) 2.Seiter, M.S., Bauer, M.P., Bogel, P.D., et al.Synthesis of novel spin-labeled photoaffinity derivatives of NAD+ and ATP and their characterization as coenzymes and substrates of several enzymesSynthesis2269-273(1996)

DCP-Rho1 is a fluorescent probe for the detection of sulfenic acid-containing proteins.1,2 It displays excitation emission maxima of 560 581 nm, respectively, and has been used to visualize protein oxidation sites in situ. |1. Klomsiri, C., Rogers, L.C., Soito, L., et al. Endosomal H2O2 production leads to localized cysteine sulfenic acid formation on proteins during lysophosphatidic acid-mediated cell signaling. Free Rad. Biol. Med. 71, 49-60 (2014).|2. Holmila, R.J., Vance, S.A., Chen, X., et al. Mitochondria-targeted probes for imaging protein sulfenylation. Sci. Rep. 8(1), 6635 (2018).

ICAAc is a solvatochromic fluorescent pH probe.1 As the polarity of the solvent increases, the emission wavelength of ICAAc increases. It displays excitation/emission maxima of 466/553, 431/515, and 418/503 nm in water, dioxane, and hexane, respectively. The absorption maximum of ICAAc decreases with increasing pH. It displays absorption/emission maxima of 470/554 and 428/553 nm at pH 3 and 11, respectively, in aqueous Britton-Robinson buffer, and the fluorescence intensity increases as pH decreases. ICAAc can be used for live cell applications. |1. Nagy, M., Racz, D., Nagy, Z.L., et al. Amino-isocyanoacridines: Novel, tunable solvatochromic fluorophores as phystiological pH probes. Sci. Rep. 9, 8250 (2019).

1,3,4,6-Tetra-O-acetyl-2-azido-2-deoxy-α-D-mannopyranose is an analog of N-acetylmannosamine (ManNAc) and a building block.1,2It has been used as a precursor in the synthesis of differently substituted trimers of the group AN. meningitidiscapsular polysaccharide repeating unit for use in immunological experiments.2It has also been used in the synthesis of fluorescent probes for lysosomal labeling.3

monoMICAAc is a solvatochromic fluorescent pH probe.1 As the polarity of the solvent increases, the emission wavelength of monoMICAAc increases. It displays excitation emission maxima of 425 491, 437 515, and 472 554 nm in hexane, dioxane, and water, respectively. The absorption maximum of monoMICAAc decreases with increasing pH. It displays absorbance emission maxima of 475 553 and 446 553 nm at pH 3 and 11, respectively, in aqueous Britton-Robinson buffer, and the fluorescence intensity increases as pH decreases. monoMICAAc can be used for live cell fluorescent applications. |1. Nagy, M., Racz, D., Nagy, Z.L., et al. Amino-isocyanoacridines: Novel, tunable solvatochromic fluorophores as phystiological pH probes. Sci. Rep. 9, 8250 (2019).

Quin-2 is a high-affinity fluorescent calcium indicator (Kd = 115 nM for calcium). It displays high selectivity for calcium, as it is not affected by sodium gradients, membrane potential, or intracellular pH. High affinity probes like quin-2 are ideal for monitoring low levels of calcium, as are found in resting cells. Loadings of up to 2 mM quin-2 are without serious toxic effects, so quin-2 may be used to buffer intracellular calcium transients. Excitation emission maxima for quin-2 are 339 and 492 nm, respectively.

SNOB 1 Reagent is a biotinylated probe for detecting S-nitrosylated proteins in a single step. S-Nitrosylated binding (SNOB) proceeds rapidly on surface proteins or cell lysates under normal physiological conditions. Proteins tagged with SNOB 1 Reagent can be analyzed using avidin-linked probes (e.g., by immunoblot) or by mass spectrometry.

Mild oxidation can convert the sulfhydryl group of cysteine residues on proteins to cysteine-sulfenic acid derivatives (Cys-SOH). Protein sulfenylation, then, is a post-translational modification that is relevant to redox signaling. DYn-2 is a chemoselective probe for detecting sulfenylated proteins in intact cells. DYn-2 consists of 1,3-cyclohexanedione coupled to an alkyne moiety by a 3-carbon spacer. The cyclohexanedione group selectively reacts with protein sulfenic acid modifications. The alkyne group of DYn-2 can then be detected using azide-bearing tags by standard click chemistry. This approach offers superior sensitivity relative to using azide-modified probes with alkynyl detection tags.