phospholipase a-1

CCR1 5 8 activator 1 是胞质磷脂酶 A 抑制剂，具有抗真菌活性。

1-Naphthaleneacetic acid potassium salt (1-NAA Potassium Salt) 是一种合成的植物生长素，能够促进植物生长，也是一种PLA2抑制剂，IC50=13.16 μM。

Desonide (Prednacinolone) 是一种非氟化皮质类固醇抗炎剂，能够作用于糖皮质激素受体。

U-73343 是一种 U-73122 的无活性类似物，能够剂量依赖性的抑制酸分泌，可作为 U-73122 的阴性对照。其中 U 73122 是一种有效的磷脂酶 C (phospholipase C) 和 5-脂氧合酶 (5-LO (5-lipoxygenase)) 抑制剂，对磷脂酶 C 的 IC50值约为 1-2.1 µM。

Glaucocalyxin A (Leukamenin F) 是来自日本黑纹病菌的一种对映型月桂基二萜，具有抗肿瘤作用。它通过调节PI3K Akt 信号通路抑制 GLI1 的核易位，诱导骨肉瘤凋亡。

Amentoflavone (3',8''-Biapigenin) 是一种具有很多生物活性的双黄酮类天然产物，有抗炎、抗氧化和神经保护等作用。

FTY720, an immune modulator, down-regulates sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P) receptors, enhances the activity of sphingosine transporter Abcb1 and leukotriene C4 transporter Abcc1, and inhibits cytosolic phospholipase A2 activity. Its efficacy relies on in vivo phosphorylation by sphingosine kinases, resulting in FTY720-phosphate which also down-regulates S1P receptors. NBD-FTY720, a fluorescently-labeled analog of FTY720, retains the hydroxy methyl side chain targeted for phosphorylation, suggesting potential phosphorylation in vivo.

ABO acts as an annexin A7 modulator, specifically binding to Thr286 to inhibit its phosphorylation on threonine (not on serine or tyrosine) residues within human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs). This compound furthers the annexin A7 interaction with the EF-hand protein GCA, leading to reduced GCA phosphorylation, lowered intracellular calcium levels, and enhanced autophagy in COS-7 cells. Moreover, ABO lessens phosphorylation of the microtubule-associated protein 1 light chain (LC3) in HUVECs and impedes the upregulation of phosphatidylcholine-specific phospholipase C (PC-PLC) due to oxidized low-density lipoprotein in vascular endothelial cells (VECs). In animal models, specifically apoE-/- mice on a Western diet, administration of ABO (50 or 100 mg/kg per day) has been shown to decrease PC-PLC expression, promote autophagy, and reduce apoptosis, lipid accumulation, and the extent of atherosclerotic plaques in the aortic endothelium.

The group IVA phospholipase A2 (PLA2), known as calcium-dependent cytosolic PLA2 (cPLA2), selectively releases arachidonic acid (AA) from membrane phospholipids, playing a central role in initiating the synthesis of prostaglandins (PGs) and leukotrienes (LTs). Pyrrophenone inhibits cPLA2α with an IC50 of 4.2 nM in enzyme assays and potently blocks the release of AA and the production of PGE2 and LTC4 in cells (IC50 = 24, 25, and 14 nM, respectively). Its action is reversible and selective, as pyrrophenone inhibits the secretory type IB and IIA PLA2s with more than a hundred-fold less potency. Pyrrophenone has also been shown to inhibit calcium ionophore (A23187)-stimulated AA release from monocytic cells, interleukin-1-induced PGE2 synthesis in mesangial cells, and the production of PGE2, LTs, and platelet-activating factor by human neutrophils, always with maximal inhibition at concentrations below 1 μM.

Phosphatidylethanolamines are important components of cell membranes and biochemical pathways of fatty acid synthesis. 1-Palmitoyl-2-linoleoyl PE (PLPE) is one of the many phosphatidylethanolamines that may be present in cellular membranes. It has been used in studies involving the biosynthesis of anandamide via the phospholipase A2 (PLA2) and lysoPLD pathways. PLPE can also be used as a specific substrate to assess the activity of sPLA2-IIA in the presence of other phospholipids.

C22 Glucosylceramide (d18:1 22:0) is an endogenous glucosylceramide. Glucosylceramides are major constituents of skin lipid membranes where they play a role in maintaining the water permeability barrier. They are precursors in the synthesis of lactosylceramide , as well as oligoglycolipids and gangliosides. Phospholipase A2 (PLA2) type XIIA knockdown increases C22 glucosylceramide (d18:1 22:0) expression in rat brain. It is also increased in the brain, but not the liver or spinal cord, of mice fed a methionine-restricted diet. In human athletes, plasma levels of C22 glucosylceramide (d18:1 22:0) increase during exercise and return to basal levels during recovery. This product contains C22 glucosylceramide (d18:1 22:0) isolated from bovine buttermilk.

VU0285655-1(BML-280) 是一种有效的选择性磷脂酶 D2 (PLD2) 抑制剂，可抑制PLD2 缺陷细胞的增殖。VU0285655-1 对高糖诱导的 caspase-3 裂解和细胞活力降低有抑制作用。VU0285655-1 可用于研究糖尿病视网膜病。

Lp-PLA2-IN-10 是一种有效的脂蛋白相关磷脂酶 A2 (Lp-PLA2) 抑制剂。Lp-PLA2-IN-10 能够用于神经退行性相关疾病的研究，如阿尔茨海默病(AD)、青光眼、年龄相关的黄斑变性 (AMD)，或者包括动脉粥样硬化等心血管疾病。Lp-PLA2 曾经被称作血小板活化因子乙酰水解酶 (PAF-AH)，是一种参与脂蛋白脂质或磷脂水解的磷脂酶 A2。

A4333为A3373的生物素化衍生物，具有抑制磷脂酶D1(PLD1)的功能，而对PLD2无显著抑制作用。A4333在肿瘤抑制活性中起着关键作用。

WH-15 是一种荧光 PLC 报告基因，对 PLC-γ1、PLC-δ1、PLC-β2 的 Km 值分别为 49、30、86.1 μM。WH-15 可在级联反应中裂解，生成荧光 6-氨基喹啉。WH-15 可用于响应活细胞中的 PLC 成像。

Dioleoylphosphatidylglycerol (DOPG) 是由水通道蛋白3 (AQP3) 和磷脂酶 D2 (PLD2) 作用而产生的天然磷脂。此化合物能抑制巨噬细胞产生炎症介质，此作用是通过热休克蛋白 B4 (HSPB4) 激活的 toll 样受体 2 (TLR2)来实现的。

The phosphatidylinositol (PtdIns) phosphates represent a small percentage of total membrane phospholipids. However, they play a critical role in the generation and transmission of cellular signals. PtdIns-(1,2-dioctanoyl) is a synthetic analog of natural phosphatidylinositol (PtdIns) containing C8:0 fatty acids at the sn-1 and sn-2 positions. The compound features the same inositol and diacyl glycerol (DAG) stereochemistry as that of the natural compound. The short fatty acid chains of this analog, compared to naturally-occurring PtdIns, gives it different physical properties including high solubility in aqueous media. PtdIns are phosphorylated to mono- (PtdIns-P; PIP), di- (PtdIns-P2; PIP2), and triphosphates (PtdIns-P3; PIP3). Hydrolysis of PtdIns-(4,5)-P2 by phosphoinositide (PI)-specific phospholipase C generates inositol triphosphate (IP3) and DAG which are key second messengers in an intricate biochemical signal transduction cascade.

FKGK 18 is an inhibitor of group VIA (GVIA) calcium-independent phospholipase A2 (iPLA2). It inhibits GVIA iPLA2 by 99.9% at 0.091 mole fraction in a mixed micelle activity assay and is selective for GVIA iPLA2 over GIVA cPLA2 and GV sPLA2 where it shows 80.8 and 36.8% inhibition, respectively. FKGK 18 inhibits iPLA2β activity in cytosolic extracts from INS-1 cells overexpressing iPLA2β (IC50 = ~50 nM) as well as iPLA2γ activity in mouse heart membrane fractions (IC50s = ~1-3 μM). It inhibits glucose-induced increases in prostaglandin E2 production and insulin secretion in human pancreatic islets when used at a concentration of 10 μM and inhibits thapsigargin-induced apoptosis in INS-1 cells overexpressing iPLA2β in a concentration-dependent manner. FKGK 18 (20 mg/kg, 3 times per week) reduces blood glucose levels in an intraperitoneal glucose tolerance test, decreases the incidence of diabetes, and increases serum insulin levels in non-obese diabetic (NOD) mice.

Luffariellolide 是一种从海洋海绵 Hyrtios communis中获取的萜烯化合物，是人滑膜蛋白磷脂酶A2 (HSF-PLA2) 抑制剂，也是视黄酸受体（RAR） 激动剂。Luffariellolide 抑制缺氧 （1% O2） 诱导的 HIF-1 激活，抑制细胞生长。

D-myo-Inositol-1,3-phosphate (Ins(1,3)P) is a member of the inositol phosphate (InsP) molecular family that play critical roles as small, soluble second messengers in the transmission of cellular signals. The most studied InsP, Ins(1,4,5)P3 is a second messenger produced in cells by phospholipase C (PLC)-mediated hydrolysis of phosphatidylinositol-4,5-biphosphate. Binding of Ins(1,4,5)P3 to its receptor on the endoplasmic reticulum results in opening of the calcium channels and an increase in intracellular calcium. Ins(1,3)P2 can be dephosphorylated to Ins(1)P by inositol polyphosphate 3-phosphatase and further dephosphorylated to inositol by inositol monophosphatase.

The phosphatidylinositol (PtdIns) phosphates represent a small percentage of total membrane phospholipids. However, they play a critical role in the generation and transmission of cellular signals. PtdIns-(3,4,5)-P3, also known as PIP3, is resistant to cleavage by PI-specific phospholipase C (PLC). Thus, it is likely to function in signal transduction as a modulator in its own right, rather than as a source of inositol tetraphosphates. PIP3 can serve as an anchor for the binding of signal transduction proteins bearing pleckstrin homology (PH) domains. Protein binding to PIP3 is important for cytoskeletal rearrangement and membrane trafficking. PtdIns-(3,4,5)-P3 (1,2-dihexanoyl) is a synthetic analog of natural PIP3 with C6:0 fatty acids at the sn-1 and sn-2 positions. The compound features the same inositol and diacylglycerol (DAG) stereochemistry as that of the natural compound. The short fatty acid chains of this analog give it different physical properties from naturally-occurring PIP3, including higher solubility in aqueous media.

Phosphatidylinositol-(4,5)-P2(1,2-dipalmitoyl), a synthetic analog of natural phosphatidylinositol (PtdIns) with C16:0 fatty acids at the sn-1 and sn-2 positions, maintains the inositol and diacylglycerol (DAG) stereochemistry of its natural counterpart. Although phosphatidylinositol phosphates constitute a minor fraction of total membrane phospholipids, they are pivotal in initiating and propagating cellular signals. This compound mirrors the activity of the natural phosphatidylinositol produced by PtdIns-4-phosphate 5-kinase's action on PtdIns-(4)-P1. Its hydrolysis by phosphoinositide (PI)-specific phospholipase C yields inositol triphosphate (IP3) and DAG, crucial secondary messengers in a complex signal transduction pathway.

Fuzapladib (IS-741) (IS-741)是一种磷脂酶A2抑制剂，可以抑制细胞粘附分子Mac-1的表达。fuzpladib 阻断炎症细胞表面表达的粘附分子(integrin)的激活，阻止炎症细胞粘附血管内皮细胞和浸润组织，控制胰腺炎的恶化。

Mastoparan X 是一种GTP 结合调节蛋白 (G 蛋白) 激活肽，是一种来自黄蜂毒液的十四肽。Mastoparan X 通过直接激活与磷脂酶 C 偶联的G 蛋白来引起各种细胞的分泌。