peripheral nervous system

Medetomidine hydrochloride (MPV785) 是一种 α2 肾上腺素受体激动剂，能够作用于α2和α1肾上腺素受体，其Ki 分别为1.08 nM 和1750 nM。

Losulazine 是一种新型的降压化合物。其确切的作用机制尚未确定，但其降压作用取决于完整的、功能性交感神经系统的存在。

L-DOPA（Levodopa）是一种具有口服活性的神经递质多巴胺的代谢前体，能够透过血脑屏障并在大脑中转化为多巴胺，具有抗痛觉过敏作用，在帕金森氏病研究中具有潜力，并可用于诱导帕金森病模型。

Apelin-13 是存在于中枢和外周神经系统由13个氨基酸组成的多肽序列，是 G 蛋白偶联受体angiotensin II protein J (APJ) 的内源性配体，对 APJ 的 EC50 值为 0.37 nM。Apelin-13 具有扩张血管和降压活性，可用于研究 2 型糖尿病综合征。

BIA 10-2474 是一种长效可逆的脂肪酸酰胺水解酶抑制剂，与人类内源性大麻素系统相互作用，可增加中枢神经系统和外周组织，对大鼠大脑不同区域的 IC50值为50至70mg kg。它用于治疗焦虑症、帕金森氏病和多发性硬化症、高血压或肥胖症的慢性疼痛。

Frakefamide is unable to penetrate the blood-brain-barrier and enter the central nervous system. Frakefamide TFA is a potent analgesic that acts as a peripheral active μ-selective receptor agonist.

Frakefamide is a potent analgesic. It acts as a peripheral active μ-selective receptor agonist. Frakefamide is unable to penetrate the blood-brain-barrier and enter the central nervous system.

Sulfoxaflor (GF 2032) 是 nAChR1 和 nAChR2 亚型的激动剂，是一种作用于昆虫中枢神经系统的内吸性杀虫剂。 Sulfoxaflor 被发现对外周血淋巴细胞有一定的影响，可用于防治吸食汁液的昆虫，如褐飞虱、烟粉虱、桃蚜和棉蚜。

Sob-AM2为一种针对大脑中表达的脂肪酸酰胺水解酶（FAAH）的有效底物，其Km值为1.3 μM。该化合物能在最小的外周全身剂量下向中枢神经系统输送较高浓度的Sobetirome，从而激活中枢的甲状腺激素受体β（TRβ）。

Martinostat是一种HDAC抑制剂，可放射性核素标记以用于体内中枢神经系统及主要外周器官中HDACs的定量成像。

DBPR116 是一种能够穿透血脑屏障的BPRMU191前药。它显著增强了中枢靶向药物的递送能力。DBPR116 与拮抗剂Naltrexone 联合使用时，在多种体内药理学研究中（包括热痛模型、癌痛模型、便秘、镇静、心理依赖、心率和呼吸频率等）展示出比吗啡更优越的安全性和镇痛效果。作为一种外周给药的前药策略，DBPR116 在有效缓解疼痛的同时减少不良反应，有望成为更安全的阿片类镇痛药。

Alosetron hydrochloride (GR 68755) 是一种高选择性的 5-HT3 受体拮抗剂，可减轻清醒或麻醉犬直肠扩张的内脏伤害性效应，具有抗炎活性，用于肠易激综合征的研究。它阻断 5HT3 介导的豚鼠肌间和粘膜下神经元的快速去极化，IC50约为 55 nM。

Diniprofylline, a phosphodiesterase inhibitor, has been used as a peripheral nervous system agent, a bronchodilator agent, and an anti-asthamtic agent.

Sulfatides are endogenous sulfoglycolipids with various biological activities in the central and peripheral nervous systems, pancreas, and immune system. They are produced from the combination of ceramide and UDP-galactose in the endoplasmic reticulum followed by sulfation in the Golgi apparatus. The ceramide portion contains variable fatty acid chain lengths, which are tissue- and pathology-dependent. Sulfatides are primarily found in the myelin sheath of oligodendrocytes and Schwann cells, with smaller chain lengths predominant during development and longer chain lengths predominant in mature cells. They accumulate in the lysosome of patients with metachromatic leukodystrophy, a disorder characterized by arylsulfatase A deficiency. Sulfatides are also located in pancreatic β-cells and inhibit insulin release from isolated rat pancreatic islet cells, suggesting a potential role in diabetes. Sulfatides can induce inflammation in glia in vitro and certain sulfatides, such as C24:1 3'-sulfo-galactosylceramide, can induce an immune response in vitro in mouse splenocytes. Sulfatides (bovine) (sodium salt) is a mixture of isolated bovine sulfatides.

Galactosylcerebrosides (SGal-CB) 在髓鞘形成的早期阶段可由周围神经系统 (PNS) 中的 Schwann 细胞 (SC) 表达，在鞘中的持续存在对于长期维持其结构完整性至关重要。

PNU-282987 free base 是一种具有选择性和高效性的 α7 烟碱乙酰胆碱受体 (nAChR) 激动剂 ， 也是5-HT3受体的拮抗剂，具有抗炎活性，对脓毒症诱导的小鼠急性肺损伤有保护作用，可减弱 ILC2s 活化和链格孢菌诱导的气道炎症。PNU-282987 free base 可用于研究神经系统疾病。

Carbidopa hydrochloride is a drug given to people with Parkinson's disease in order to inhibit peripheral metabolism of levodopa. This property is significant in that it allows a greater proportion of peripheral levodopa to cross the blood–brain barrier for central nervous system effect.

Acefylline piperazine is a stimulant drug of the xanthine chemical class. It acts as an adenosine receptor antagonist. Acephylline piperazine is a theophylline derivative with a direct bronchodilator action. It has the advantages over theophylline in being far less toxic and producing minimal gastric irritation. It is indicated for the treatment of asthma, emphysema, acute and chronic bronchitis associated with bronchospasm.Acefylline relaxes smooth muscles, relieves bronchospasm & has a stimulant effect on respiration. It stimulates the myocardium & central nervous system, decreases peripheral resistance & venous pressure & causes diuresis. The mechanism of action is still not clear, inhibition of phosphodiesterase with a resulting increase in intracellular cyclic AMP does occur, but not apparently at concentrations normally used for clinical effect. Other proposed mechanisms of action include adenosine receptor antagonism, prostaglandin antagonism & effects on intracellular......

Noberastine citrate, a histamine H1 antagonist, has potent and specific peripheral antihistaminic activity. Noberastine, a furan derivative of nor-astemizole (an astemizole metabolite), has been shown to have a more rapid onset, and shorter duration of action than astemizole with peak antihistaminic activity at 4h following ingestion. Noberastine is rapidly absorbed and the peak plasma levels are obtained within 2 h of oral dosing. In preclinical studies Noberastine has been shown to lack central nervous system effects. After subacute (steady-state) administration of noberastine, there was increasing inhibition of weal and flare formation with higher doses of the drug. The 30 mg daily dose showed maximum antihistaminic effects.

Noberastine maleate, a histamine H1 antagonist, has potent and specific peripheral antihistaminic activity. Noberastine, a furan derivative of nor-astemizole (an astemizole metabolite), has been shown to have a more rapid onset, and shorter duration of action than astemizole with peak antihistaminic activity at 4h following ingestion. Noberastine is rapidly absorbed and the peak plasma levels are obtained within 2 h of oral dosing. In preclinical studies Noberastine has been shown to lack central nervous system effects. After subacute (steady-state) administration of noberastine, there was increasing inhibition of weal and flare formation with higher doses of the drug. The 30 mg daily dose showed maximum antihistaminic effects.

C3001a is a selective activator for TREK, against other two-pore domain K+(K2P) channels. C3001a binds to the cryptic binding site formed by P1 and TM4 in TREK-1. C3001a targets TREK channels in the peripheral nervous system to reduce the excitability of nociceptive neurons. In neuropathic pain, C3001a alleviated spontaneous pain and cold hyperalgesia. In a mouse model of acute pancreatitis, C3001a alleviated mechanical allodynia and inflammation. C3001a represents a lead compound which could advance the rational design of peripherally acting analgesics targeting K2P channels without opioid-like adverse effects.

Frakefamide TFA 是一种有效的止痛药物，作为μ 受体的选择性外围激动剂。该化合物不能穿透血脑屏障，因此不进入中枢神经系统。

Dermorphin 是在两栖类皮肤中发现的天然七肽，是 μ-阿片受体激动剂，可用于抑制神经痛。

α-CGRP(human) TFA，一种含37个氨基酸的调节性神经肽，广泛存在于中枢神经系统和周围神经系统中，是一种高效的血管扩张剂。