paget's

Clodronic acid disodium salt (Lodronate) 是一种口服具有活力的破骨细胞骨吸收 (osteoclastic bone resorption) 的抑制剂，是一代双磷酸盐。它可用于高骨转换状态、Paget’s 病和溶骨性骨转移中。

Etidronic acid (HEDP) 是一种影响钙代谢的二膦酸盐，抑制异位钙化并减缓骨吸收和骨转换，可应用于洗涤，水处理，化妆品和制药业。

Sodium etidronate (Didronel) 是一种内源性 pyrophosphate 的合成治疗性 diphosphonate 类似物。作为称为 bisphosphonates 盐类药物家族的一员，etidronate disodium 与内源性 pyrophosphate 的不同之处在于其对酶水解的耐受性。该药剂吸附 hydroxyapatite 细胞并减少破骨细胞的数量，从而抑制异常骨吸收。 Etidronate 还可以直接刺激成骨细胞的骨形成。

Neridronate (奈立膦酸)是一种氨基二磷酸盐，常用于骨代谢紊乱相关疾病和复杂区域疼痛综合征（CRPS），如成骨不全症 (OI) 和佩吉特骨病 (PDB)。

Zoledronic Acid (ZOL 446) 是一种含氮二磷酸盐，能抑制破骨细胞的分化和凋亡，具有高效的抗骨质再吸收活性，也有抗癌作用。

Osteocalcin (1-49) is a non-collagenous peptide that is secreted by osteoblasts and odontoblasts and comprises 1-2% of the total protein in bone. Secretion of osteocalcin (1-49) is stimulated by 1,25-dihydroxy vitamin D and plasma levels increase in diseases that induce dysregulated bone turnover such as osteoporosis, Paget's disease, and primary hyperparathyroidism. Osteocalcin (1-49) is positively correlated with insulin sensitivity and negatively correlated with high blood glucose levels in women. In vitro, osteocalcin induces chemotaxis of MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells, human peripheral blood monocytes, and rat osteosarcoma cells with osteoblast-like characteristics. It is also expressed by vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) displaying an osteoblast-like phenotype and has been positively associated with calcification of aortic tissue and heart valves in humans.

Calcitonin is a peptide hormone that lowers blood calcium level and inhibits bone resorption. It belongs to the calcitonin family of peptides, which also includes amylin , calcitonin gene-related peptide , and adrenomedullin. The binding of salmon calcitonin to the human calcitonin receptor (CTR) is not modulated by receptor activity-modifying proteins (RAMPs), which influence affinity of human calcitonin to CTR. Salmon calcitonin binds to human CTR2 with IC50 values of 0.933, 0.224, 0.134, and 0.317 nM alone and with RAMP1, 2, or 3, respectively. It induces cAMP accumulation in COS-7 cells transfected with CTR2 (EC50 = 0.166 nM). Salmon calcitonin inhibits bone resorption by osteoclasts in a pit formation assay using rat bone slices (ID50 = 0.003 pg mL) and lowers calcium level in vivo in a bioassay of hypocalcemia in rats (ED15 = 33.9 mg kg). Formulations containing salmon calcitonin have been used to treat hypercalcemia, bone destruction by osteoporosis, and Paget's disease.