CGP64222, a peptoid Tat transactivation response element inhibitor, inhibits human immunodeficiency virus replication by blocking CXC-chemokine receptor 4-mediated virus entry.
AN3661, a potent antimalarial lead compound, targets a Plasmodium falciparum cleavage and polyadenylation specificity factor homologue subunit 3 (PfCPSF3). AN3661 inhibits Plasmodium falciparum laboratory-adapted strains, Ugandan field isolates, and murine P. berghei and P. falciparum infections[1]. AN3661 is active at nanomolar (IC50=20-56 nM) concentrations against P. falciparum laboratory strains known to be sensitive (3D7) or resistant (W2, Dd2, K1, HB3, FCR3 and TM90C2B), and AN3661 is similarly active in ex vivo studies of fresh Ugandan field isolates (mean ex vivo IC50=64 nM). AN3661 shows minimal cytotoxicity against mammalian cell lines, with the CC50 60.5 μM against Jurkat cells, and all other CC50 values greater than the highest concentrations tested (25 μM or above)[1].AN3661 inhibits the stability of P. falciparum transcripts[1]. AN3661 (50-200 mg.kg; p.o.; daily for 4 days) inhibits murine P. berghei infections with ED90 (4 days) 0.34 mg kg[1].AN3661 is administered orally for 4 days, beginning on the third day of infection, the ED90 4 days after initiation of treatment is 0.57 mg kg[1]. Animal Model: P. berghei-infected mice (malaria model)[1] [1]. Sonoiki E, et al. A potent antimalarial benzoxaborole targets a Plasmodium falciparum cleavage and polyadenylation specificity factor homologue. Nat Commun. 2017;8:14574. Published 2017 Mar 6.
Urotensin II is a peptide vasoconstrictor and agonist of the urotensin (UT) receptor (Ki= 2.06 nM for the human recombinant receptor expressed in HEK293 cells).1It stimulates intracellular calcium mobilization in HEK293 cells expressing human and rat UT (EC50s = 0.47 and 0.78 nM, respectively) but decreases intracellular calcium concentration in goby (G. mirabilis) enterocytes when used at a concentration of 500 nM.2Urotensin II (20 mU/ml) stimulates active sodium and chloride absorption across isolated goby posterior intestine in 5% seawater-adapted solution.3In vivo, urotensin II (1.5-150 nmol/kg) decreases diastolic blood pressure and increases heart rate in anesthetized rats.4It also reduces the pressor responses to sympathetic nerve stimulation, norepinephrine , and vasopressin in pithed rats when administered at a dose of 150 nmol/kg. 1.Ames, R.S., Sarau, H.M., Chambers, J.K., et al.Human urotensin-II is a potent vasoconstrictor and agonist for the orphan receptor GPR14Nature401(6750)282-286(1999) 2.Loretz, C.A., and Assad, J.A.Urotensin II lowers cytoplasmic free calcium concentration in goby enterocytes: Measurements using quin2Gen. Comp. Endocrinol.64(3)355-361(1986) 3.Loretz, C.A., Freel, R.W., and Bern, H.A.Specificity of response of intestinal ion transport systems to a pair of natural peptide hormone analogs: Somatostatin and urotensin IIGen. Comp. Endocrinol.52(2)198-206(1983) 4.Gibson, A., Wallace, P., and Bern, H.A.Cardiovascular effects of urotensin II in anesthetized and pithed ratsGen. Comp. Endocrinol.64(3)435-439(1986)
Leoidin is a depsidone originally isolated from L. gangaleoides that has antibacterial and enzyme inhibitory activities.1,2,3 It is active against the bacteria E. faecalis, H. influenzae, M. catarrhalis, S. aureus, and S. pneumoniae (MICs = 8, 32, 1, 128, and 64 μg ml, respectively).2 Leoidin inhibits phenylalanyl-tRNA synthetase (PheRS) isolated from P. aeruginosa (IC50 = 42 μM). It also inhibits organic anion-transporting polypeptide 1B1 (OATP1B1) and OATP1B3 with Ki values of 0.08 and 1.84 μM, respectively, in CHO cells expressing the human transporters.3
ITH15004 is a non-nucleotide antagonist of the purinergic P2X7receptor (IC50= 9 μM in HEK293 cells expressing the human receptor).1It inhibits ATP-induced currents inX. laevisoocytes expressing the human P2X7receptor when used at a concentration of 100 μM. ITH15004 (1 μM) decreases IL-1β release from LPS-primed, ATP-stimulated isolated mouse peritoneal macrophages. It has high permeability in a parallel artificial membrane permeability assay (PAMPA). 1.Calzaferri, F., Narros-Fernández, P., de Pascual, R., et al.Synthesis and pharmacological evaluation of novel non-nucleotide purine derivatives as P2X7 antagonists for the treatment of neuroinflammationJ. Med. Chem.64(4)2272-2290(2021)
Phenelfamycin E is an antibiotic originally isolated from Streptomyces. It is active against β-hemolytic Streptoccus, S. pneumoniae, C. difficile, C. perfringens, and P. magnus128 μg/ml). Phenelfamycin E (4-64 mg/kg) increases survival in a mouse model of lethal S. pyogenes infection in a dose-dependent manner. Dietary administration of phenelfamycin E increases body weight in chickens.
LpxC-IN-5 is a potent, non-hydroxamate inhibitor of LpxC, which is an enzyme known as UDP-3-O-acyl-N-acetylglucosamine deacetylase. It exhibits an IC50 value of 20 nM. Furthermore, LpxC-IN-5 displays antibacterial activity against various strains including E. coli ATCC25922, P. aeruginosa ATCC27853, K. pneumoniae ATCC13883, and P. aeruginosa 5567. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values for these strains are 16 μg/mL, 4 μg/mL, 64 μg/mL, and 4 μg/mL, respectively.