Chlorbenside is a pesticide, also known as chlorparaside and chlorsulfacide, which is most commonly used as an acaricide being used to kill mites and ticks.
Phosmet oxon is a toxic metabolite of phosmet, a phthalimide-derived, non-systemic, organophosphate insecticide used on plants and animals. It is mainly used on apple trees for control of codling moth, though it is also used on a wide range of fruit crops
τ-Fluvalinate is a pyrethroid acaricide.1It induces tail currents in Western honeybee (A. mellifera) voltage-gated sodium channels (AmNav1) expressed inXenopusoocytes (EC50= 60 nM). It also induces tail currents in honeybee parasitic Varroa mite (V. destructor) Nav1 channels (VdNav1) expressed inXenopusoocytes (EC50= 160 nM) with a faster tail current decay than that of AmNav1 channels. Topical application of τ-fluvalinate (2 μl) in combination with coumaphos , atrazine , 2,4-DMPF, chlorpyrifos , and chlorothalonil does not affect honeybee queen mass, egg-laying patterns, or the mass of daughter worker bees at emergence.2Formulations containing τ-fluvalinate have been used to control Varroa mites in beehives. 1.Gosselin-Badaroudine, P., and Chahine, M.Biophysical characterization of the Varroa destructor NaV1 sodium channel and its affinity for τ-fluvalinate insecticideFASEB J.31(7)3066-3071(2017) 2.McAfee, A.Honey bee queen health is unaffected by contact exposure to pesticides commonly found in beeswaxSci. Rep.11(1)15151(2021)
Milbemycin A3 is a member of a complex family of macrocyclic lactones that contain a characteristic spiroketal group produced from the fermentation of soil bacterium S. hygroscopicus subsp. aureolacrimosus. As a compound that potentiates glutamate and GABA-gated chloride-channel opening, milbemycin A3 is used as a nematocide and insecticide. The acaricidal and nematocidal activity of a mixture of milbemycin A3 and milbemycin A4 against adult spider mites, spider mite eggs, and C. elegans are reported at IC50 values of 5.3, 41.1, and 9.5 μg/ml.
Altemicidin is a monoterpene alkaloid originally isolated fromS. sioyaensiswith acaricidal and anticancer activities.1It is acaricidal to two-spotted spider mites (T. urticae) in a greenhouse pot test at concentrations of 10 and 100 ppm. Altemicidin inhibits the growth of murine L1210 lymphocytic leukemia and IMC carcinoma cells (IC50s = 0.84 and 0.82 μg ml, respectively). It is toxic to mice with an LD50value of 0.3 mg kg. 1.Takahashi, A., Kurasawa, S., Ikeda, D., et al.Altemicidin, a new acaricidal and antitumor substance. I. Taxonomy, fermentation, isolation and physico-chemical and biological propertiesJ. Antibiot. (Tokyo)42(11)1556-1561(1989)
Thujopsene, a sesquiterpene found in T. dolabrata, exhibits a wide range of biological activities. It inhibits Na+ K+-ATPase and cytochrome P450 (CYP) isoform CYP2B6 with IC50 values of 25.9 µg ml and Ki of 0.8 µM, respectively. Additionally, thujopsene demonstrates antimicrobial efficacy against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, such as S. aureus, M. luteus, and S. typhimurium, with MICs ranging from 25-50 µg ml. It also suppresses antigen-induced β-hexosaminidase release in IgE-sensitized RBL-2H3 mast cells (IC50= 25.1 µM) and shows cytotoxicity against A549 non-small cell lung cancer cells with an LC50 of 35.27 µg ml. Furthermore, thujopsene causes mortality in mites D. farinae and T. putrescentiae, with LC50s of 9.82 and 10.92 µg cm2, respectively.