keratinocytes

Hypericin (Cyclosan) 属于天然蒽醌类化合物，是贯叶连翘的提取物，可以抑制 PKC、MAO、多巴胺-beta-羟化酶、逆转录酶、端粒酶和 CYP等。Hypericin 具有抗菌、抗病毒、抗肿瘤和抗抑郁活性。

Jagged-1 (188-204) TFA(219127-21-6 free base) 是 JAG-1 蛋白的一个片段。 JAG-1 是 Notch 配体，是一种在皮肤中表达最明显的肽。 JAG-1 诱导表皮成熟。将淹没的角质形成细胞单层暴露于钙浓度升高的 JAG-1 会产生具有 loricrin 表达和 NF-alphaB 激活的分层。

Hinokitiol (4-Isopropyltropolone) 是从日本扁柏中分离到的一种挥发油成分，可抑制紫外线 B 诱导的角质形成细胞凋亡，可调节雌激素受体信号传导并抑制人乳腺癌细胞的增殖。它具有抗感染、抗氧化及抗肿瘤等活性。

Jagged-1 （188-204） 是 JAG-1 蛋白的一个片段。其中 JAG-1 能够诱导单核细胞衍生的人树突状细胞成熟，是一种在培养的和原发性多发性骨髓瘤细胞中高度表达的 Notch 配体。

12R-LOX-IN-2 是一种 12R-脂氧合酶 (12R-LOX) 的抑制剂。12R-LOX-IN-2 抑制咪喹莫特 (IMQ) 诱导银屑病角质形成细胞过度增殖，并抑制细胞集落形成。12R-LOX-IN-2 还降低 IMQ 诱导细胞中 Ki67 的蛋白水平和 IL-17A 的 mRNA 表达。12R-LOX-IN-2 可用于牛皮癣和其他皮肤相关炎症性疾病的研究。

(Z)-Ligustilide (Ligustilide A) 是从川芎中提取的天然产物，具有抗菌和抗真菌活性。它抑制 FATP5 和 DGAT 的表达，抑制小鼠脂肪酸的摄取和酯化，有潜力研究非酒精性脂肪性肝病。

GNF351 是芳烃受体 (AhR) 的完全拮抗剂，具有抑制 DRE 依赖性和非依赖性活性的能力。它与结合到 AhR 的光亲和性 AhR 配体竞争，IC50为 62 nM。它在小鼠或人角质形成细胞中的毒性极小。

MiADMSA（Monoisoamyl DMSA），一种亲脂性螯合剂，已显示出成为未来治疗砷及其他几种重金属（如铅、汞、镉和砷化镓）螯合剂 解毒剂的潜力。它能缓解钠钨酸引起的氧化应激，并改善慢性铜中毒在Sprague Dawley大鼠所引起的肝脏及免疫系统变化。此外，MiADMSA还能保护人类角质形成细胞‘HaCaT’免受砷引起的氧化应激。

Itaconic acid prodrug-1 (Compound P2) 是一种口服活性的Itaconic acid前药，通过口服可有效递送Itaconic acid至皮肤组织，具免疫调节功能，显著抑制人类表皮角质形成细胞中Poly(I:C) IFNγ诱导的炎症细胞因子。Itaconic acid prodrug-1 可用于斑秃及其他炎症性皮肤病研究。

Antioxidant agent-20 (Compound 3d) 具有显著的抗炎和抗氧化特性，并通过剂量依赖性抑制活性氧 (ROS) 和细胞凋亡。它通过激活 Nrf2 HO-1 信号通路及抑制NF-κB通路，对 UVB 照射的人类皮肤角质形成细胞 (HaCaT) 展现出光保护效果 (IC50=5.13 µM)。

Glycerophosphoinositol lysine has an anti-dandruff, anti-inflammatory, anti-aging activity. It significantly suppresses UVB - induced PGE secretion in NHEK keratinocytes.

CX-659S is a novel diaminuracil derivative that indirectly inhibits Langerhans cell function by blocking the MEK1 2 -- ERK1 2 pathway in keratinocytes. CX-659S can inhibit the contact hypersensitivity induced by haptens in mice.

α-Melanocyte-stimulating hormone (α-MSH) is a 13-amino acid peptide hormone produced by post-translational processing of proopiomelanocortin (POMC) in the pituitary gland, as well as in keratinocytes, astrocytes, monocytes, and gastrointestinal cells.1It is an agonist of melanocortin receptor 3 (MC3R) and MC4R that induces cAMP production in Hepa cells expressing the human receptors (EC50s = 0.16 and 56 nM, respectively).2α-MSH (100 pM) reducesS. aureuscolony formation andC. albicansgerm tube formationin vitro.3It inhibits endotoxin-, ceramide-, TNF-α-, or okadaic acid-induced activation of NF-κB in U937 cells.1α-MSH reduces IL-6- or TNF-α-induced ear edema in mice.4It also prevents the development of adjuvant-induced arthritis in rats and increases survival in a mouse model of septic shock. Increased plasma levels of α-MSH are positively correlated with delayed disease progression and reduced death in patients with HIV.1 1.Catania, A., Airaghi, L., Colombo, G., et al.α-melanocyte-stimulating hormone in normal human physiology and disease statesTrends Endocrinol. Metab.11(8)304-308(2000) 2.Miwa, H., Gantz, I., Konda, Y., et al.Structural determinants of the melanocortin peptides required for activation of melanocortin-3 and melanocortin-4 receptorsJ. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther.273(1)367-372(1995) 3.Cutuli, M., Cristiani, S., Lipton, J.M., et al.Antimicrobial effects of a-MSH peptidesJ. Leukoc. Biol.67(2)233-239(2000) 4.Lipton, J.M., Ceriani, G., Macaluso, A., et al.Antiiinflammatory effect of the neuropeptide a-MSH in acute, chronic, and systemic inflammationAnn. N.Y. Acad. Sci.25(741)137-148(1994)

β-Defensin-2 is a peptide with antimicrobial properties that protects the skin and mucosal membranes of the respiratory, genitourinary, and gastrointestinal tracts.1It inhibits the growth of periodontopathogenic and cariogenic bacteria, includingP. gingivalisandS. salivarius.2β-Defensin-2 (30 μg/ml) stimulates gene expression and production of IL-6, IL-10, CXCL10, CCL2, MIP-3α, and RANTES by keratinocytes.3It also stimulates calcium mobilization, migration, and proliferation of keratinocytes when used at concentrations of 30, 10, and 40 μg/ml, respectively. β-Defensin-2 induces IL-31 production by human peripheral blood-derived mast cellsin vitrowhen used at a concentration of 10 μg/ml and by rat mast cellsin vivofollowing a 500 ng intradermal dose.4Expression of β-defensin-2 is increased in psoriatic skin and chronic wounds.5,6 1.Lehrer, R.I.Primate defensinsNat. Rev. Microbiol.2(9)727-738(2004) 2.Ouhara, K., Komatsuzawa, H., Yamada, S., et al.Susceptibilities of periodontopathogenic and cariogenic bacteria to antibacterial peptides, β-defensins and LL37, produced by human epithelial cellsJ. Antimicrob. Chemother.55(6)888-896(2005) 3.Niyonsaba, F., Ushio, H., Nakano, N., et al.Antimicrobial peptides human β-defensins stimulate epidermal keratinocyte migration, proliferation and production of proinflammatory cytokines and chemokinesJ. Invest. Dermatol.127(3)594-604(2007) 4.Niyonsaba, F., Ushio, H., Hara, M., et al.Antimicrobial peptides human β-defensins and cathelicidin LL-37 induce the secretion of a pruritogenic cytokine IL-31 by human mast cellsJ. Immunol.184(7)3526-3534(2010) 5.Huh, W.-K., Oono, T., Shirafuji, Y., et al.Dynamic alteration of human β-defensin 2 localization from cytoplasm to intercellular space in psoriatic skinJ. Mol. Med. (Berl.)80(10)678-684(2002) 6.Butmarc, J., Yufit, T., Carson, P., et al.Human β-defensin-2 expression is increased in chronic woundsWound Repair Regen.12(4)439-443(2004)

β-Defensin-3 is a peptide with antimicrobial properties that protects the skin and mucosal membranes of the respiratory, genitourinary, and gastrointestinal tracts. It inhibits the growth of the periodontopathogenic and cariogenic bacteria F. nucleatum, S. mutans, S. sobrinus, S. salivarius, and L. casei (MICs = 12.5-100 mg/l). It also inhibits the growth of S. aureus, S. pyogenes, P. aeruginosa, E. coli, and C. albicans. β-Defensin-3 stimulates gene expression and production of IL-6, IL-10, CXCL10, CCL2, MIP-3α, and RANTES by keratinocytes when used at a concentration of 30 μg/ml. It also stimulates calcium mobilization, migration, and proliferation of keratinocytes when used at concentrations of 30, 5, and 20 μg/ml, respectively. β-Defensin-3 induces IL-31 production by human peripheral blood-derived mast cells in vitro when used at a concentration of 10 μg/ml and by rat mast cells in vivo following a 500 ng intradermal dose.

β-Defensin-4 is a peptide with antimicrobial properties that protects the skin and mucosal membranes of the respiratory, genitourinary, and gastrointestinal tracts. It induces migration of monocytes in vitro when used at a concentration of 10 nM but does not affect migration of neutrophils and eosinophils. β-Defensin-4 (30 μg/ml) stimulates gene expression and production of IL-6, IL-10, CXCL10, CCL2, MIP-3α, and RANTES by keratinocytes. It also stimulates calcium mobilization, migration, and proliferation of keratinocytes when used at concentrations of 30, 10, and 40 μg/ml, respectively. β-Defensin-4 induces IL-31 production by human peripheral blood-derived mast cells in vitro when used at a concentration of 10 μg/ml and by rat mast cells in vivo following a 500 ng intradermal dose. It also inhibits growth of E. coli, P. aeruginosa, and S. aureus with lethal concentration (LC) values of 5, 12, and 15 μM, respectively, of S. carnosus (MIC = 4.5 μg/ml), and of C. albicans with a minimum fungicidal concentration (MFC) value of 7.5 μM.

Ganglioside GQ1b is a tetrasialoganglioside that contains two sialic acid residues linked to an inner galactose unit. It stimulates phosphorylation of several ecto-type protein kinase substrates on the surface of GOTO human neuroblastoma cells when used at a concentration of 5 nM. Ganglioside GQ1b promotes differentiation of murine embryonic stem cells (mESCs) to neuronal precursor and glial cells via activation of the ERK1/2 pathway. It also induces differentiation of murine keratinocytes through phosphoinositide turnover. Ganglioside GQ1b mixture contains ganglioside GQ1b molecular species with C18:1 and C20:1 sphingoid backbones.

1-O-Hexadecyl-sn-glycerol is a bioactive alkyl glyceryl ether. It reduces UVB-induced cell death and production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and prostaglandin E2 in normal human epidermal keratinocytes (NHEKs). 1-O-Hexadecyl-sn-glycerol (50 μM) increases coronary flow and left ventricular developed pressure and reduces malondialdehyde (MDA) formation ex vivo in a rat heart model of ischemia reperfusion injury. [2].Maulik, N., Tosaki, A., Engelman, R.M., et al. Myocardial salvage by chimyl alcohol: Possible role of peroxisomal dysfunction in reperfusion injury Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci. 723(1), 380-384 (1994).

Halometasone is a synthetic corticosteroid.1,2Formulations containing halometasone have been used in the treatment of psoriasis vulgaris and eczematous dermatoses. 1.de la Brassine, M., Kint, A., Lachapelle, J.M., et al.Halomethasone (C 48.401-Ba) for the topical treatment of common dermatosesJ. Int. Med. Res.12(5)307-309(1984) 2.Zhu, J.-W., Wu, X.-J., Lu, Z.-F., et al.Role of VEGF receptors in normal and psoriatic human keratinocytes: Evidence from irradiation with different UV sourcesPLoS One8(1)e55463(2013)

C2 Phytoceramide is a bioactive semisynthetic sphingolipid that inhibits formyl peptide-induced oxidant release (IC50 = 0.38 μM) in suspended polymorphonuclear cells. It increases COX-2 protein levels 15-fold through ERK signaling. It induces death of keratinocytes (20% viability) with an ED50 value of 30 μM, the same concentration at which 35% of cells in a TUNEL assay are apoptotic. C2 Phytoceramide also has antiproliferative effects in CHO cells, with greater than 80% cytotoxicity achieved at a concentration of 20 μM, and induces internucleosomal DNA fragmentation. In addition, it inhibits the activation of phospholipase D (PLD) mediated by muscarinic acetylcholine receptors in vitro.

Lumisterol (9β,10α-Ergosterol), a steroid compound, is the (9β,10α)-stereoisomer of Ergosterol. Lumisterol is a photoprotective agent against UVB-induced DNA damage and anti-proliferative activities[1]. [1]. Anyamanee Chaiprasongsuk, et al. Protective Effects of Novel Derivatives of Vitamin D 3 and Lumisterol Against UVB-induced Damage in Human Keratinocytes Involve Activation of Nrf2 and p53 Defense Mechanisms. Redox Biol. 2019 Jun;24:101206.

4-Methyl-1-pentanol对SCC-25细胞和NHK细胞（normal human keratinocyte）具有抑制活性，可用于研究癌症。

(+)-Columbianetin ((S)-Columbianetin) 是 Columbianetin 的异构体。其中Columbianetin 是一种植物抗毒素，与芹菜贮藏过程中对病原体的抗性有关，具有良好的抗真菌和抗炎作用。

Palmitoyl serinol (N-Palmitoyl serinol) 是内源性大麻素 N-棕榈酰乙醇胺的类似物，在人表皮角质形成细胞 （KC） 中显着刺激了 IL-4 介导的细胞神经酰胺水平降低。Palmitoyl serinol 通过内源性大麻素受体 CB1 依赖性机制刺激特定神经酰胺种类的产生以及神经酰胺的总量。