glucose-stimulated

Vincamine (Perval) 是从长春花中提取的单萜类吲哚生物碱，可作为外周血管扩张剂，对脑微血管循环有选择性的血管调节作用。它可改善体内葡萄糖稳态，对 2 型糖尿病具有研究潜力。它是GPR40激动剂，通过改善 β 细胞功能障碍和促进葡萄糖刺激型胰岛素分泌发挥 β 细胞保护作用。

RH01386是可以预防 ER 应激诱导的β细胞功能障碍和死亡、抑制促凋亡基因表达的小分子。它恢复内质网应激受损的葡萄糖刺激的胰岛素分泌反应。对2型糖尿病具有潜在的研究价值。

LY2881835 是一种特异性 G 蛋白偶联受体 40 (GPR40) 激动剂，具有潜在的降血糖活性，可增强的葡萄糖刺激正常瘦小鼠的胰岛素分泌。LY2881835 可用于研究 2 型糖尿病。

Propane-1,2,3-triyl tripalmitate (Glycerol Tripalmitate) 是内源性代谢产物的一种。

Rhoifolin (Apigenin 7-O-neohesperidoside) 是从琯溪蜜柚叶子分离的一种黄酮糖苷。它通过 RANKL 诱导的NF-κB 和MAPK 途径改善钛颗粒刺激的骨溶解并减少破骨细胞生成。它通过增强脂联素分泌，胰岛素受体-β的酪氨酸磷酸化和GLUT4易位有助于治疗糖尿病并发症。

Chrysophanol 8-O-glucoside 来自Rumex acetosa 根部，具有中等的弹性蛋白酶抑制特性。它具有温和的细胞毒性和抗糖尿病特性，能够在胰岛素刺激的葡萄糖转运途径中发挥代谢作用。

SBI-477 是化学探针，能够使转录因子MondoA 失活，刺激胰岛素信号传导，使胰岛素途径抑制剂硫氧还蛋白相互作用蛋白和抑制蛋白结构域 4 的表达降低。它能够协调地抑制三酰基甘油酯合成，促进人骨骼肌细胞中的基础葡萄糖摄取。

Tifenazoxide is an effective and SUR1 Kir6.2 selective KATP channels opener. Tifenazoxide has an anti-diabetic effect, can inhibit glucose-stimulated insulin release in vitro and in vivo.

TUG-424 是一种有效且选择性的游离脂肪酸受体 1 (FFA1 GPR40) 激动剂，EC50 为 32 nM。TUG-424 在 100 nM 处显著增加葡萄糖刺激的胰岛素分泌。TUG-424 可能有助于探索 FFA1 在糖尿病或肥胖等代谢性疾病中的作用。

DDN 是一种选择性胰岛素受体 (Insulin Receptor) 激活剂和胰岛素增敏剂，同时也是具有降血糖活性的胰岛素模拟物，具备口服有效性。其能够直接结合受体激酶结构域，诱导Akt与ERK磷酸化，并增强胰岛素对葡萄糖吸收的刺激作用。DDN 明显降低野生型及糖尿病 ob ob 和 db db 小鼠的血糖水平。

MitoPQ (MitoParaquat) 是一个线粒体靶向的小分子化合物。MitoPQ 选择性加强线粒体超氧化物和过氧化氢的含量，抑制胰岛素刺激的葡萄糖摄取和葡萄糖转运蛋白 4 (GLUT4） 向脂肪细胞和肌管中质膜的易位。MitoPQ 可用于研究线粒体氧化应激与调节的 GLUT4 转运。

Neuromedin U (NMU) is a neuropeptide first demonstrated to drive smooth muscle contraction.1Translated as a 174 amino acid propeptide, NMU is cleaved to different lengths in different animals. It has diverse receptor-mediated rolesin vivo, as it regulates feeding, vasoconstriction, nociception, and bone remodeling and contributes to obesity, cancer and septic shock.2,2NMU-25 is the active form of NMU in humans. It binds with high affinity to receptors on human left ventricle and coronary artery (KDs = 0.26 and 0.11 nM, respectively), eliciting endothelium-independent vasoconstriction.3NMU-25 also suppresses glucose-stimulated insulin secretion in human islets, and this effect is lost in NMU R165W mutants, resulting in early-onset obesity.4 1.Mitchell, J.D., Maguire, J.J., and Davenport, A.P.Emerging pharmacology and physiology of neuromedin U and the structurally related peptide neuromedin SBritish Journal of Pharmacology15887-103(2009) 2.Greenwood, H.C., Bloom, S.R., and Murphy, K.G.Peptides and their potential role in the treatment of diabetes and obesityRev.Diabet.Stud.8(3)355-368(2011) 3.Mitchell, J.D., Maguire, J.J., Kuc, R.E., et al.Expression and vasoconstrictor function of anorexigenic peptides neuromedin U-25 and S in the human cardiovascular systemCardiovascular Research81353-361(2009) 4.Alfa, R.W., Park, S., Skelly, K.R., et al.Suppression of insulin production and secretion by a decretin hormoneCell Metabolism21(2)323-333(2015)

Osteocalcin (1-49) is a non-collagenous peptide that is secreted by osteoblasts and odontoblasts and comprises 1-2% of the total protein in bone. Secretion of osteocalcin (1-49) is stimulated by 1,25-dihydroxy vitamin D and plasma levels increase in diseases that induce dysregulated bone turnover such as osteoporosis, Paget's disease, and primary hyperparathyroidism. Osteocalcin (1-49) is positively correlated with insulin sensitivity and negatively correlated with high blood glucose levels in women. In vitro, osteocalcin induces chemotaxis of MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells, human peripheral blood monocytes, and rat osteosarcoma cells with osteoblast-like characteristics. It is also expressed by vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) displaying an osteoblast-like phenotype and has been positively associated with calcification of aortic tissue and heart valves in humans.

Urocortin III is a neuropeptide hormone and member of the corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) family which includes mammalian CRF , urocortin , urocortin II , frog sauvagine, and piscine urotensin I.1 Human urocortin III shares 90, 40, 37, and 21% identity to mouse urocortin III , mouse urocortin II , human urocortin , and mouse urocortin, respectively. Urocortin III selectively binds to type 2 CRF receptors (Kis = 21.7, 13.5, and >100 nM for rat CRF2α, rat CRF2β, and human CRF1, respectively). It stimulates cAMP production in CHO cells expressing rat CRF2α and mouse CRF2β (EC50s = 0.16 and 0.12 nM, respectively) as well as cultured anterior pituitary cells expressing endogenous CRF2β. Urocortin III is co-released with insulin to potentiate glucose-stimulated somatostatin release in vitro in human pancreatic β-cells.2 In vivo, urocortin III reduces food intake in a dose- and time-dependent manner in mice with a minimum effective dose (MED) of 0.3 nmol/animal.3 It increases swimming time in a forced swim test in mice, indicating antidepressant-like activity.4References1. Lewis, K., Li, C., Perrin, M.H., et al. Identification of urocortin III, an additional member of the corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) family with high affinity for the CRF2 receptor. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 98(13), 7570-7575 (2001).2. van der Meulen, T., Donaldson, C.J., Cáceres, E., et al. Urocortin3 mediates somatostatin-dependent negative feedback control of insulin secretion. Nat. Med. 21(7), 769-776 (2015).3. Pelleymounter, M.A., Joppa, M., Ling, N., et al. Behavioral and neuroendocrine effects of the selective CRF2 receptor agonists urocortin II and urocortin III. Peptides 25(4), 659-666 (2004).4. Tanaka, M., Kádár, K., Tóth, G., et al. Antidepressant-like effects of urocortin 3 fragments. Brain Res. Bull. 84(6), 414-418 (2011). Urocortin III is a neuropeptide hormone and member of the corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) family which includes mammalian CRF , urocortin , urocortin II , frog sauvagine, and piscine urotensin I.1 Human urocortin III shares 90, 40, 37, and 21% identity to mouse urocortin III , mouse urocortin II , human urocortin , and mouse urocortin, respectively. Urocortin III selectively binds to type 2 CRF receptors (Kis = 21.7, 13.5, and >100 nM for rat CRF2α, rat CRF2β, and human CRF1, respectively). It stimulates cAMP production in CHO cells expressing rat CRF2α and mouse CRF2β (EC50s = 0.16 and 0.12 nM, respectively) as well as cultured anterior pituitary cells expressing endogenous CRF2β. Urocortin III is co-released with insulin to potentiate glucose-stimulated somatostatin release in vitro in human pancreatic β-cells.2 In vivo, urocortin III reduces food intake in a dose- and time-dependent manner in mice with a minimum effective dose (MED) of 0.3 nmol/animal.3 It increases swimming time in a forced swim test in mice, indicating antidepressant-like activity.4 References1. Lewis, K., Li, C., Perrin, M.H., et al. Identification of urocortin III, an additional member of the corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) family with high affinity for the CRF2 receptor. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 98(13), 7570-7575 (2001).2. van der Meulen, T., Donaldson, C.J., Cáceres, E., et al. Urocortin3 mediates somatostatin-dependent negative feedback control of insulin secretion. Nat. Med. 21(7), 769-776 (2015).3. Pelleymounter, M.A., Joppa, M., Ling, N., et al. Behavioral and neuroendocrine effects of the selective CRF2 receptor agonists urocortin II and urocortin III. Peptides 25(4), 659-666 (2004).4. Tanaka, M., Kádár, K., Tóth, G., et al. Antidepressant-like effects of urocortin 3 fragments. Brain Res. Bull. 84(6), 414-418 (2011).

9(Z),11(E)-Conjugated linoleic acid is an isomer of linoleic acid that has been found in beef and milk fat.1It binds to peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor α (PPARα; IC50= 140 nM) and activates the receptor in a reporter assay using COS-1 cells expressing mouse PPARα when used at a concentration of 100 μM.29(Z),11(E)-Conjugated linoleic acid inhibits TNF-α-inducedGLUT4expression and increases insulin-stimulated glucose transport in 3T3-L1 adipocytes.3Dietary administration of 9(Z)11(E)-conjugated linoleic acid reduces serum fasting glucose, insulin, and triglyceride levels and decreases white adipose tissue macrophage infiltration inob obmice. It also increases body weight gain and body fat in weanling mice.4[Matreya, LLC. Catalog No. 1278] 1.Shultz, T.D., Chew, B.P., Seaman, W.R., et al.Inhibitory effect of conjugated dienoic derivatives of linoleic acid and β-carotene on the in vitro growth of human cancer cellsCancer Lett.63(2)125-133(1992) 2.Moya-Camarena, S.Y., Heuvel, J.P.V., Blanchard, S.G., et al.Conjugated linoleic acid is a potent naturally occurring ligand and activator of PPARαJ. Lipid Res.40(8)1426-1433(1999) 3.Moloney, F., Toomey, S., Noone, E., et al.Antidiabetic effects of cis-9, trans-11-conjugated linoleic acid may be mediated via anti-inflammatory effects in white adipose tissueDiabetes56(3)574-582(2007) 4.Pariza, M.W., Park, Y., and Cook, M.E.The biologically active isomers of conjugated linoleic acidProg. Lipid Res.40(4)283-298(2001)

Highly selective orally active peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR)γ agonist (pEC50 values are 8.05, < 4 and < 4 for human PPARγ, PPARα and PPARδ receptors respectively). Decreases glucose, fatty acid and triglyceride levels following oral administration in vivo. Brown et al (1999) A novel N-aryl tyrosine activator of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ reverses the diabetic phenotype of the Zucker diabetic fatty rat. Diabetes 48 1415 PMID:10389847 |Nugent et al (2001) Potentiation of glucose uptake in 3T3-L1 adipocytes by PPARγ agonists is maintained in cells expressing a PPARγ dominant-negative mutant: evidence for selectivity in the downstream responses to PPARγ activation. Mol.Endocrinol. 15 1729 PMID:11579205 |Way et al (2001) Adipose tissue resistin expression is severely suppressed in obesity and stimulated by peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ agonists. J.Biol.Chem. 276 25651 PMID:11373275

Malonyl Coenzyme A lithium (Malonyl CoA lithium) 是生产各种化学品的重要前体，可调节肌管中胰岛素刺激的葡萄糖转运。

Hit 1 是一种胰岛素降解酶 (IDE) 的激活剂 (EC50: 5.5 μM)，能够降低刺激葡萄糖的胰岛素分泌。

The truncated glucagon-like peptides GLP-1(7-37) is naturally occurring peptide product of the preproglucagon gene that are synthesized primarily in the intestine and acts as incretin that are released from the intestine into the bloodstream in response to food and stimulate insulin secretion. GLP-1(7-37) produced a dose-related enhancement of the glucose-stimulated increase in plasma insulin concentration and an increased rate of glucose infusion in Sprague-Dawley Rats at a dosing rang of 0.5, 5, or 50 pmol min kg. Further, infusion of GLP-1(7-37) for 60 mins produced a small transitory increase in plasma insulin concentration in fasted rats and fed rats and a slight transitory decrease in plasma glucose concentration. Moreover, GLP-1(7-37) (5 pmol min kg IV) infusion for 6 h in Sprague-Dawley rats produced a sustained increase in plasma insulin concentration relative to levels in rats infused with vehicle[1].

ATM-1001 is an inhibitor of the cancer-associated tropomyosin 3.1 (Tpm3.1), suppressing glucose-stimulated insulin secretion (GSIS) from the pancreatic islets.

DS-1558 is a potent and orally available GPR40 agonist.DS-1558 was found to have potent glucose lowering effects during an oral glucose tolerance test in ZDF rats. DS-1558 significantly and dose-dependently improved hyperglycemia and increased insulin secretion during the oral glucose tolerance test in Zucker fatty rats, the model of insulin resistance and glucose intolerance. DS-1558 not only increased the glucose-stimulated insulin secretion by GLP-1 but also potentiated the maximum insulinogenic effects of GLP-1 after an intravenous glucose injection in normal Sprague Dawley rats.

HNGF6A TFA 是一种人类素类似物。HNGF6A TFA 可以增加葡萄糖刺激的胰岛素分泌和葡萄糖代谢，并可用于糖尿病的研究。HNGF6A TFA 在氧化应激期间抑制ROS 的产生。HNGF6A TFA 可以在体内预防内皮功能障碍和动脉粥样硬化。

[Des-His1,Glu9] Glucagon 是一种有效的胰高血糖素受体系统多肽拮抗剂。[Des-His1,Glu9] Glucagon 增强胰岛细胞在葡萄糖刺激下释放胰岛素。[Des-His1,Glu9] Glucagon 可用于糖尿病的研究。

Xenin-8 TFA为Xenin的C端八肽段，同时是其生物活性片段。该化合物隶属于神经降压素 xenopsin家族多肽中。它能激发基础胰岛素的分泌并剂量依赖性地加强胰岛素对葡萄糖反应(EC50=0.16 nM)。