glucose consumption

AS1949490 是选择性SHIP-2抑制剂，其IC50=620 nM。它能够通过上调L6肌管GLUT1基因激活葡萄糖代谢。

D-(+)-Xylose (Wood sugar) 是一种是一种戊醛糖，其化学式为C5H10O5，甜度为蔗糖的40%。木糖也存在于结缔组织的粘多糖中，有时也存在于尿液中。

Levoglucosan (1,6-anhydro-b-D-Glucose) 是一种无水己糖，是 β -D-葡萄糖的 1,6-无水衍生物。它是由碳水化合物，如淀粉和纤维素的热解形成的。左旋葡聚糖还可用于手性聚合物如不可水解葡萄糖聚合物的合成。左旋葡聚糖也可以通过糖的焦糖化产生。食用焦糖或含焦糖的甜食可导致尿中左旋葡聚糖水平短期增加5倍(从20 μm mM肌酐增加到100 μm mM肌酐)。

AS1938909 is a SHIP2 inhibitor that works by increasing Akt phosphorylation, glucose consumption, and glucose uptake in L6 myotubes, specifically upregulating the GLUT1 gene.

Neuromedin C is a bombesin-like neuropeptide that stimulates uterine smooth muscle contraction and the release of gastrin , somatostatin, and amylase in rats. Neuromedin C is a truncated form of gastrin-releasing peptide corresponding to the GRP amino acids 18-27. It inhibits GRP and bombesin binding to rat pancreatic membranes (IC50s = 0.4 and 2.2 nM, respectively), which can be reduced by sodium chloride and guanylyl imidodiphosphate . Neuromedin C induces scratching and mast cell degranulation in mice when administered intradermally at doses ranging from 1 to 300 nmol site, which is inhibited by the BB2 bombesin receptor agonist RC-3095 and reduced in mast cell-deficient mice. Neuromedin C (3.2 nmol kg, i.p.) reduces rat glucose consumption by approximately 50% for up to one hour.

MD001 is a dual agonist of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor α (PPARα) and PPARγ.1 It binds to PPARα and PPARγ (Kds = 9.55 and 0.14 μM, respectively) but does not bind to PPARβ/δ at concentrations up to 500 μM. It increases transcriptional activity of PPARα and PPARγ in a cell-based luciferase reporter assay when used at a concentration of 10 μM. MD001 (10 μM) increases expression of PPARα, PPARγ, and retinoid X receptor (RXR), as well as PPARα and PPARγ target genes, in HepG2 cells. It increases glucose consumption as well as expression of GLUT2 and GLUT4 in HepG2 and 3T3-L1 cells, respectively, in a concentration-dependent manner. MD001 (20 mg/kg) decreases levels of glucose, insulin, free fatty acids, triglycerides, LDL, alanine aminotransferase (ALT), and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) in blood and reduces the size and number of hepatic lipid droplets in diabetic db/db mice.References1. Kim, S.-H., Hong, S.H., Park, Y.-J., et al. MD001, a novel peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor α/γ agonist, improves glucose and lipid metabolism. Sci. Rep. 9(1), 1656 (2019). MD001 is a dual agonist of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor α (PPARα) and PPARγ.1 It binds to PPARα and PPARγ (Kds = 9.55 and 0.14 μM, respectively) but does not bind to PPARβ/δ at concentrations up to 500 μM. It increases transcriptional activity of PPARα and PPARγ in a cell-based luciferase reporter assay when used at a concentration of 10 μM. MD001 (10 μM) increases expression of PPARα, PPARγ, and retinoid X receptor (RXR), as well as PPARα and PPARγ target genes, in HepG2 cells. It increases glucose consumption as well as expression of GLUT2 and GLUT4 in HepG2 and 3T3-L1 cells, respectively, in a concentration-dependent manner. MD001 (20 mg/kg) decreases levels of glucose, insulin, free fatty acids, triglycerides, LDL, alanine aminotransferase (ALT), and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) in blood and reduces the size and number of hepatic lipid droplets in diabetic db/db mice. References1. Kim, S.-H., Hong, S.H., Park, Y.-J., et al. MD001, a novel peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor α/γ agonist, improves glucose and lipid metabolism. Sci. Rep. 9(1), 1656 (2019).

ALDH1A1-IN-3 是一种良好的、选择性的醛脱氢酶 1A1 (ALDH1A1) 抑制剂 (IC50: μM)。ALDH1A1-IN-3 可以有效的改善 HepG2 细胞的葡萄糖消耗。ALDH1A1-IN-3 能够用于进行改善糖代谢的研究。

Melanotan II acetate is an agonist of melanocortin receptor 1 (MC1R), MC3R, MC4R, and MC5R. It has been shown to improve recovery of sciatic nerve function after mechanical injury and increase cisplatin-induced decreases in sensory nerve conduction velocity. Melanotan II acetate increases oxygen consumption and protein levels of uncoupling protein 1 (UCP1) in brown adipose tissue homogenates and decreases food intake, body weight, and serum levels of leptin, glucose, insulin, and cholesterol.

GIP, rat 是一种由十二指肠和空肠 K 细胞在食物摄入后分泌的具有生物活性的肽，由 42 个氨基酸组成。作为肠促胰岛素激素肽家族的一员，GIP 与另一激素 GLP 共同负责刺激胰岛 β 细胞分泌胰岛素，并促进 β 细胞的增殖与存活。近期研究显示GIP 在调控脂质平衡及肥胖发病机制中发挥重要作用。

15-SAHSA, a branched fatty acid ester of hydroxy fatty acids (FAHFAs), is recognized for its involvement in metabolic regulation. This compound comprises stearic acid esterified to 5-hydroxy stearic acid and is notably influenced by dietary changes, such as fasting and high-fat consumption, with a link to insulin sensitivity. SAHSA levels are specifically found to be moderately increased in the serum of AG4OX mice, which are characterized by their glucose tolerance through the overexpression of the Glut4 glucose transporter in adipose tissue. Given the established functions of FAHFAs in enhancing glucose tolerance, prompting insulin secretion, and exerting anti-inflammatory properties, 5-SAHSA emerges as a potential bioactive lipid implicated in the management of metabolic syndrome and inflammation.

3-Aminoisobutyric acid, a non-protein amino acid resultant from thymine catabolism, plays a significant role in metabolic activities. At a 5 µM concentration, it triggers browning in primary adipocytes, notably elevating uncoupling protein 1 (UCP-1) and CIDEA expression. Additionally, it boosts PPARα expression in both primary adipocytes and mouse inguinal white adipose tissue (WAT) in vivo, alongside enhancing β-oxidation in hepatocytes. Its plasma levels surge post-exercise in mice, and its administration at 100 mg kg daily curtails weight gain and body fat without diminishing food consumption or hiking energy output, whilst ameliorating glucose tolerance. Notably, 3-aminoisobutyric acid concentrations are heightened in individuals with β-ureidopropionase deficiency, a genetic flaw impairing pyrimidine degradation, affecting plasma, urine, and cerebrospinal fluid.

2-Hydroxy-1-Methoxyaporphine can inhibit CYP2D6 activity, it also increase the glucose consumption significantly as rosiglitazone.