endotoxin

Endotoxin Inhibitor acetate(147396-10-9 free base) 对细菌生理活性有很强的阻断作用，从而产生具有二硫键和大量赖氨酸的抗菌毒素抑制剂序列。内毒素抑制剂醋酸盐在酸性条件下更可能发挥生理活性

Endotoxin inhibitor TFA 是一种可以与脂多糖(LPS)的成分脂质A高亲和力结合的合成肽，具有中和LPS毒性、预防LPS引发的细胞因子释放的作用。此外，Endotoxin inhibitor TFA能够有效抑制LPS引起的发热反应，同时具有极低的毒性和致死率。

XMP-629, an endotoxin inhibitor, is used potentially for the treatment of impetigo and acne rosacea.

α-Melanocyte-stimulating hormone (α-MSH) is a 13-amino acid peptide hormone produced by post-translational processing of proopiomelanocortin (POMC) in the pituitary gland, as well as in keratinocytes, astrocytes, monocytes, and gastrointestinal cells.1It is an agonist of melanocortin receptor 3 (MC3R) and MC4R that induces cAMP production in Hepa cells expressing the human receptors (EC50s = 0.16 and 56 nM, respectively).2α-MSH (100 pM) reducesS. aureuscolony formation andC. albicansgerm tube formationin vitro.3It inhibits endotoxin-, ceramide-, TNF-α-, or okadaic acid-induced activation of NF-κB in U937 cells.1α-MSH reduces IL-6- or TNF-α-induced ear edema in mice.4It also prevents the development of adjuvant-induced arthritis in rats and increases survival in a mouse model of septic shock. Increased plasma levels of α-MSH are positively correlated with delayed disease progression and reduced death in patients with HIV.1 1.Catania, A., Airaghi, L., Colombo, G., et al.α-melanocyte-stimulating hormone in normal human physiology and disease statesTrends Endocrinol. Metab.11(8)304-308(2000) 2.Miwa, H., Gantz, I., Konda, Y., et al.Structural determinants of the melanocortin peptides required for activation of melanocortin-3 and melanocortin-4 receptorsJ. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther.273(1)367-372(1995) 3.Cutuli, M., Cristiani, S., Lipton, J.M., et al.Antimicrobial effects of a-MSH peptidesJ. Leukoc. Biol.67(2)233-239(2000) 4.Lipton, J.M., Ceriani, G., Macaluso, A., et al.Antiiinflammatory effect of the neuropeptide a-MSH in acute, chronic, and systemic inflammationAnn. N.Y. Acad. Sci.25(741)137-148(1994)

LF 11 acetate 具有抗菌活性，可用于开发内毒素中和抗菌剂。

Maxadilan 是一种特异性不可逆的PAC1受体激动剂，也是白蛉唾液腺中的强效血管扩张肽。它在hADSCs中展现抗凋亡活性，抑制促炎细胞因子 (TNF-α)，并增强抗炎介质 (IL-10)。通过PAC1受体，Maxadilan 能激活白细胞并抑制血管通透性，还能促进人类脂肪干细胞的神经分化。Maxadilan 可用于研究内毒素休克、动脉粥样硬化和神经退行性疾病。