bone density

Avanafil (TA1790) 是一种高活性PDE-5抑制剂，IC50=5.2 nM，对PDE1，PDE6和PDE11活性较低。

Imperatorin (8-Isopentenyloxypsoralene) 是NO synthesis 和BChE 的抑制剂，IC50分别为 9.2 μmol 和 31.4 μmol。它也是TRPV1的微弱激动剂，EC50为 12.6±3.2 μM。

(-)-(S)-Equol (4',7-Dihydroxyisoflavan) 是雌激素受体β的高亲和力配体。

Soy Isoflavone 是从豆科植物的种子中提取的。大豆中的异黄酮是天然植物雌激素，具有很好的药用价值，可以降低女性乳腺癌的发病率，缓解更年期症状，增加骨密度。

Poncirin (Isosakuranetin-7-neohesperidoside) 是从三叶草中分离出来的一种天然产物，具有抗炎活性。 它防止脂肪生成，增强间充质干细胞中的成骨细胞分化，增加骨矿物质密度，改善小梁微结构，可能反映 GIO 小鼠的骨形成增加和骨吸收减少。

Eldecalcitol possesses a potent inhibitory effect on bone resorption and induces a significant increase in bone mineral density. Eldecalcitol is an orally active analogue of active vitamin D. It also is used in the treatment of osteoporosis .

PCSK9-IN-29 是一种有效的降脂药物。在 hepG2 细胞中，该化合物能够增强低密度脂蛋白受体 (LDLR) 的表达，同时减少 PCSK9 蛋白的表达。此外，在食用高脂肪饮食的食蟹猴体内，PCSK9-IN-29 能显著降低血清中 LDL-C、TC 以及肝酶 ALT 的水平，有效减轻体重和体脂，并提升骨矿物质含量。该化合物主要用于非酒精性脂肪性肝炎与肥胖症的研究领域。

E0924G 是一种具有口服活性的PPARδ激活剂，其EC50为2.82 μM。它能够上调骨保护素 (OPG) 的表达，EC50为0.29 μM。E0924G 能够减少RANKL诱导的破骨细胞分化，并抑制RAW264.7巨噬细胞中的F-肌动蛋白环形成。此外，E0924G 还可以调节卵巢切除 (OVX) 和年龄相关性骨质疏松症模型中的骨密度和骨质流失。

PDE7A-IN-1 (Compound 26) 是一种口服活性的PDE7A抑制剂，IC50值为 3.7 nM。其通过抑制骨硬化蛋白 (sclerostin) 显著提升骨矿物质密度，适用于骨质疏松症和相关骨代谢疾病的研究。

Ranelic acid is an organic acid capable of chelating metal cations. Strontium ranelate, the strontium salt of Ranelic acid, is utilized to treat osteoporosis and increase bone mineral density.

CW 008 is an activator of the cAMP PKA CREB pathway. It promotes osteogenic differentiation of human bone marrow derived mesenchymal stem cells in vitro and increases bone mass and bone volume density in ovariectomized mice.

3-epi-25-hydroxy Vitamin D3is the C-3 epimer of 25-hydroxy vitamin D3.1Dietary administration of 3-epi-25-hydroxy vitamin D3(0.5 and 1 IU g) decreases levels of serum parathyroid hormone (PTH) in male, but not female, weanling rats. 1.Djekic-Ivankovic, M., Lavery, P., Agellon, S., et al.The C-3α epimer of 25-hydroxycholecalciferol from endogenous and exogenous sources supports normal growth and bone mineral density in weanling ratsJ. Nutr.147(2)141-151(2017)

17β-hydroxy Exemestane is the primary active metabolite of exemestane . It is formed by metabolism of exemestane by the cytochrome P450 (CYP) isoforms CYP1A and CYP4A11. 17β-hydroxy Exemestane is an aromatase inhibitor (IC50 = 69 nM using human placental microsomes) and an androgen receptor (AR) agonist (IC50 = 39.6 nM) that is selective for AR over estrogen receptor α (ERα; IC50 = 21.2 μM). It stimulates growth of AR- and ERα-positive MCF-7 (EC50 = 2.7 μM) and T47D breast cancer cells (EC50s = 0.43 and 1,500 nM for AR- and ER-mediated growth, respectively) and inhibits proliferation of testosterone-treated aromatase-overexpressing MCF-7aro cells in a concentration-dependent manner. 17β-hydroxy Exemestane (20 mg/kg) inhibits increases in serum cholesterol and LDL levels and prevents decreases in bone mineral density in the lumbar vertebrae and femur, as well as femoral bending strength and compressive strength of the fifth lumbar vertebrae, in ovariectomized rats.

Pparδ agonist 5 是一种选择性的、口服具有活力的 PPARδ 激动剂，其 EC50 为 0.335 μM，选择性好于 GW0742。Pparδ agonist 5 对体内骨密度和微结构的改善具有促进作用。

Incadronate, also known as Cimadronate and YM-175, is a bone resorption inhibitor. Incadronate disodium inhibits macrophage migration to site of inflammation in vivo and proliferation and causes apoptosis in cancer cells in vitro. Incadronate disodium is a bone density conservation, antitumor and anti-inflammatory agent.

pTH (1-37) (human) 为甲状旁腺激素（PTH）的一段，能诱导cAMP产生并提升碱性磷酸酶活性，进而增强尿毒症动物的生长速度、骨钙含量及骨矿物质密度（BMD），显示出对骨质疏松症研究的应用潜力。

AVSEHQLLHDKGKSIQDLRRRFFLHHLI-{Aib}-EIHTAYRFGG 促进骨化作用。该化合物适用于研究成骨缺陷或骨矿物质密度（BMD）降低相关疾病，如骨质疏松症。

VnP-16是一种合成肽段，对应vitronectin的氨基酸270-281，vitronectin是一种具有细胞附着、迁移和扩散等多功能作用的糖蛋白。该肽段在9.1 µg/cm2浓度下应用于细胞板时，能促进人类成骨细胞的附着和扩散，此效应可通过β1整合素的siRNA敲除被逆转。VnP-16诱导人类皮肤来源的间充质前体细胞和MC3T3-E1小鼠颅骨成骨前体细胞的成骨作用。在体内，VnP-16减少IL-1α诱导的骨质流失并减少小鼠颅骨中破骨细胞的数量。它还在卵巢切除引起的骨质疏失小鼠模型中增加骨矿物质密度并减少松质骨流失。

Calcitonin, eel is a peptide hormone that plays a crucial role in maintaining calcium balance within the body. It is extensively utilized in the scientific investigation of postmenopausal osteoporosis, a condition characterized by decreased bone density and an increased risk of fractures in women after menopause.

C-telopeptide, a cross-linked peptide derived from type I collagen, is liberated through bone resorption and has demonstrated a correlation with bone mineral density (BMD).

Elcatonin (Carbocalcitonin), a synthetic analog of eel calcitonin, enhances bone mineral density, inhibits bone resorption, and exhibits a central analgesic effect [1].