adducts

N-tert-butyl-α-Phenylnitrone ((Z)-N-benzylidene-2-Methylpropan-2-aMine oxide) 是基于硝酮的自由基清除剂，可形成一氧化氮自旋加合物。它可以穿透血脑屏障，抑制 COX2的催化活性，有 ROS 清除、抗炎、神经保护、抗衰老和抗糖尿病的作用。

Cisplatin（CDDP）是一种具有抗肿瘤活性的化疗药物，是典型的DNA交联剂，能够通过在癌细胞中形成DNA加合物，抑制DNA合成并引起DNA损伤，从而导致细胞死亡。除此之外，Cisplatin 还可激活铁死亡（ferroptosis）并诱导自噬（autophagy）。在动物实验中，Cisplatin 常被用于构建慢性肾损伤和急性肾衰竭模型。

Azoxymethane（AOM）是一种可诱导 DNA 损伤并形成 DNA 加合物的结肠致癌剂，常用于建立结直肠癌小鼠模型。

SG2057 (DRG16) 是一种含有戊二氧基键的 PBD 二聚体，该键选择性地结合DNA 小沟中的序列，形成 DNA 链间和链内交联加合物。SG2057 是一种高效抗肿瘤剂。

4-Nitroquinoline 1-oxide (4-NQO) 是一种化学致癌物，可通过形成大量嘌呤加合物来诱导细菌、真菌和动物的突变。

5-fluoro 203 (NSC-703786) 是一种细胞毒性分子。它可激活芳香烃受体(AhR) 信号传导，诱导 CYP1A1 的转录，从而形成 DNA 加合物以及细胞周期阻滞。它可以提高活性氧水平，并激活 ERK、p38以及JNK。

(Rac)-IBT6A 是 IBT6A 的外消旋体。 IBT6A 是依鲁替尼的杂质，可用于 IBT6A 依鲁替尼二聚体和 IBT6A 加合物的合成。

Nitracrine is a 1-nitroacridine derivative and is an effective hypoxia-selective agent in vitro and antitumor drugs. Nitracrine suppresses RNA synthesis and covalently, reversibly binds to DNA but also forms covalent adducts with DNA in vivo. Nitracrine h

PhIP 是来源于熟肉的一种杂环芳香胺(HAA)，属于吡啶类杂环胺，是2B 类致癌物，具有雌激素活性。PhIP 可与 DNA 形成加合物，从而促进癌症发生。

α-Hydroxytamoxifen, a metabolite of tamoxifen, reacts with DNA and forms DNA adducts.

N-Nitrosonornicotine 为一种具致癌及致突变活性的烟草特有亚硝胺化合物，在 C3A 细胞中能诱发微核形成，并可与 DNA 形成加合物。

1-Nitropyrene (3-Nitropyrene)是烟草烟雾、尾气和燃煤排放物等大气污染源的重要成分之一,具有致癌和基因毒性，能够破坏线粒体功能和细胞内氧化还原平衡。

Dichloro(bipyridine)platinum 是一种强效的铂类抗肿瘤配合物，是顺铂（Cisplatin）的结构类似物。它通过联吡啶配体增强分子的脂溶性和平面堆积能力。该化合物通过与 DNA 发生共价结合或嵌入式结合，形成顺式-Pt-DNA 加合物，从而干扰 DNA 复制和转录过程。研究表明，该类配合物能有效激活促凋亡信号通路，对多种耐药性肿瘤细胞系具有显著的生长抑制作用，是开发新型金属抗癌药物的重要基础分子。

In epidemiological studies, Aflatoxin B1-N7-guanine serum albumin adducts have been established as biomarkers of dietary aflatoxin exposure.

Iproplatin is a synthetic second-generation platinum-containing compound related to cisplatin. Iproplatin binds to and forms DNA crosslinks and platinum-DNA adducts, resulting in DNA replication failure and cell death. Although less prone to glutathione i

MeIQx (MeIQx) is a food-derived carcinogen that has been found in high temperature-cooked fish and meats.1It is activated by hydroxylation and subsequent O-acetylationviathe cytochrome P450 (CYP) isoform CYP1A2 and N-acetyltransferase 2, respectively, in UV5 cells expressing the human enzymes to a metabolite that reacts with DNA to form adducts.2MeIQx (200 and 400 ppm in the diet) induces tumor formation in rats.3

DEPMPO is a nitrone that is used to spin trap reactive O-, N-, S-, and C-centered radicals and allow their characterization when used in association with electron spin resonance. It is noted for the stability of adducts formed. DEPMPO can be used in vitro or in vivo, as it crosses lipid bilayer membranes and is a good trapping agent in biological systems. DEPMPO-biotin is a biotinylated form of DEPMPO which retains the outstanding persistency of its adducts. The biotin moiety offers an effective means for monitoring biodistribution in cells, tissues, and organs when used with an avidin-conjugated reporter. Importantly, DEPMPO-biotin binds free radicals, such as S-nitroso groups, on proteins, producing adducts that can be analyzed via the biotin tag. This direct labeling of S-nitrosothiols (SNO) thus serves as an effective alternative to the more cumbersome biotin-switch method for monitoring SNO formation.

Phosphoramide mustard cyclohexanamine（磷酰胺氮芥环己胺盐）是cyclophosphamide的活性代谢物，是一种交联DNA链的烷基化剂，组织细胞分裂并导致细胞死亡，具有抗肿瘤活性。

Monohydroxy melphalan is a DNA alkylating agent and a degradation product of melphalan . Monohydroxy melphalan is formed by the hydrolysis of melphalan in aqueous solutions, including cell culture medium and human plasma. It increases the level of DNA adducts in ML-1 myeloblastic leukemia cells in a concentration-dependent manner and induces cytotoxicity with an IC50 value of 28.1 μg/ml.

N’-Nitrosonornicotine is a tobacco-specific N-nitrosamine and carcinogen that has been found in unburned tobacco and cigarette smoke.1It induces the formation of DNA adducts in isolated rat nasal mucosa and esophagus. N’-Nitrosonornicotine induces tumor formation in rat esophagus and nasal cavity, mouse lung, forestomach, and trachea, and hamster trachea and forebrain. Urinary levels of N’-nitrosonornicotine are positively correlated with the risk of esophageal cancer in smokers.2 1.Hecht, S.S.Biochemistry, biology, and carcinogenicity of tobacco-specific N-nitrosaminesChem. Res. Toxicol.11(6)559-603(1998) 2.Yuan, J.-M., Knezevich, A.D., Wang, R., et al.Urinary levels of the tobacco-specific carcinogen N’-nitrosonornicotine and its glucuronide are strongly associated with esophageal cancer risk in smokersCarcinogenesis32(9)1366-1371(2011)

cDPCP is a platinum-containing DNA-crosslinking agent.1Unlike cisplatin or oxaliplatin , cDPCP forms monofunctional DNA adducts. It is transported into cells by organic cation transporter 1 (OCT1) and OCT2, inhibiting proliferation of MDCK cells expressing the human transporters with IC50values of 8.1 and 1.5 μM, respectively. cDPCP inhibits RNA polymerase II-mediated transcription in a reporter assay using HeLa cells. It increases survival in murine S180 sarcoma and P388 leukemia models when administered at doses of 40 and 80 mg/kg, respectively.2 1.Lovejoy, K.S., Todd, R.C., Zhang, S., et al.cis-Diammine(pyridine)chloroplatinum(II), a monofunctional platinum(II) antitumor agent: Uptake, structure, function, and prospectsProc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA105(26)8902-9807(2008) 2.Hollis, L.S., Amundsen, A.R., and Stern, E.W.Chemical and biological properties of a new series of cis-diammineplatinum(II) antitumor agents containing three nitrogen donors: cis-[Pt(NH3)2(N-donor)Cl]+J. Med. Chem.32128-136(1989)

Abacavir carboxylate is an inactive metabolite of the HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor abacavir . It is formed from abacavir via reactive aldehyde intermediates that can form adducts with proteins on valine residues.

IBTP is a lipophilic cation that is accumulated in mitochondria and forms stable thioether adducts in a thiol-specific manner. As a result, mitochondrial proteins that have changed thiol redox state following oxidative stress are selectively tagged with IBTP and can be separated by two-dimensional electrophoresis and isolated. IBTP-tagged proteins can also be evaluated by immunoblotting using an antibody directed against the triphenylphosphonium moiety of the IBTP molecule. IBTP has also been used as a mitochondria-targeted soft electrophile to inhibit mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation.

Angoroside C 是一种苯丙苷，从 Radix Scrophulariae 中提取到，有益于心室重构。