β-Defensin-1 is a peptide with antimicrobial properties that protects the skin and mucosal membranes of the respiratory, genitourinary, and gastrointestinal tracts.1It inhibits the growth ofB. adolescentis,L. acidophilus,B. breve,B. vulgatus,L. fermentum,B. longum, andS. thermophilusin an antimicrobial radial diffusion assay.2β-Defensin-1 also inhibits the growth of periodontopathogenic and cariogenic bacteria, includingP. gingivalisandS. salivarius, and of susceptibleM. tuberculosisH37Rv but not of resistantM. tuberculosisRM22 when used at a concentration of 128 μg/ml.3,4It blocks human and mouse Kv1.3 voltage-gatedpotassium channels (IC50s = 11.8 and 13.2 μM, respectively).5Overexpression of β-defensin-1 in the human oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) cell lines HSC-3, UM-1, and SCC-9 increases migration and invasion but not proliferation.6 1.Lehrer, R.I.Primate defensinsNat. Rev. Microbiol.2(9)727-738(2004) 2.Schroeder, B.O., Ehmann, D., Precht, J.C., et al.Paneth cell α-defensin 6 (HD-6) is an antimicrobial peptideMucosal Immunol.8(3)661-671(2015) 3.Ouhara, K., Komatsuzawa, H., Yamada, S., et al.Susceptibilities of periodontopathogenic and cariogenic bacteria to antibacterial peptides, β-defensins and LL37, produced by human epithelial cellsJ. Antimicrob. Chemother.55(6)888-896(2005) 4.Fattorini, L., Gennaro, R., Zanetti, M., et al.In vitro activity of protegrin-1 and beta-defensin-1, alone and in combination with isoniazid, against Mycobacterium tuberculosisPeptides25(7)1075-1077(2004) 5.Feng, J., Xie, Z., Yang, W., et al.Human beta-defensin 1, a new animal toxin-like blocker of potassium channelToxicon113(2016) 6.Han, Q., Wang, R., Sun, C., et al.Human beta-defensin-1 suppresses tumor migration and invasion and is an independent predictor for survival of oral squamous cell carcinoma patientsPLoS One9(3)e91867(2014)
Water-soluble salt of lamotrigine . Displays anticonvulsant effects and inhibits glutamate release, possibly through inhibition of Na+, K+ and Ca2+ currents. Leach et al (1991) Neurochemical and behavioral aspects of lamotr. Epilepsia 32 S4 PMID:1685439 |Smith and Meldrum (1995) Cardioprotective effect of lamotr. after focal ischemia in rats. Stroke 26 117 PMID:7839380 |Zona and Avoli (1997) Lamotrigine reduces voltage-gated sodium currents in rat central neurons in culture. Epilepsia 38 522 PMID:9184596 |Grunze et al (1998) Modulation of calcium and potassium currents by lamotr. Neuropsychobiology 38 131 PMID:9778600
Photoswitchable Kv channel blocker (IC50 values are 2 and 64 μM at 500 nm and 380 nm respectively). Switches conformation from cis to trans at 500 nm and trans to cis at 380 nm. Exhibits minimal activity at Nav1.2 and L-type Ca2+ channels. Stimulates action potential firing of hippocampal neurons in vitro at 500 nm and restores visual responsiveness in blind mice at 380 nm. Fortin et al (2008) Photochemical control of endogenous ion channels and cellular excitability. Nat.Methods 5 331 PMID:18311146 |Polosukhina et al (2012) Photochemical restoration of visual responses in blind mice. Neuron 75 271 PMID:22841312 |Banghart et al (2009) Photochromic blockers of voltage-gatedpotassium channels. Angew.Chem.Int.Ed. 48 9097 PMID:19882609
Huwentoxin XVI TFA,一种来自鸟蛛 Ornithoctonus huwena 的止痛剂,一种高度可逆和选择性的哺乳动物 N 型钙通道 (N-type calcium channel) (IC50约为 60 nM) 拮抗剂。Huwentoxin XVI TFA 对电压门控的 T 型钙通道,钾通道或钠通道没有影响。