renal toxicity

Citric acid monohydrate 是一种存在于柑橘类水果中的三羧酸。柠檬酸因其抗氧化特性而被用作药物制剂中的赋形剂。它保持活性成分的稳定性并用作防腐剂。

Citric acid (Citro) 是柑橘类水果中发现的弱有机三羧酸。柠檬酸是食品添加剂和天然防腐剂。

Bucetin (3-Hydroxy-p-butyrophenetidide) 是解热化合物，可用于研究疼痛的缓解。

Phenazopyridine hydrochloride (Pyridium) 是一种具有局部止痛作用的化学物质，常被用于缓解手术、损伤尿道及尿路感染引起的疼痛、刺激、不适和尿急。

Fluorofenidone (AKF-PD) 是 AMR69 的类似物，抗纤维化活性与 AMR69相同，但 Fluorofenidone 的毒性更低，半衰期长。它部分通过 PI3K Akt 信号通路抑制 NADPH 氧化酶和细胞外基质 (ECM) 的沉积，能够减少肾间质纤维化的发生。

rac-1,2-bis-Palmitoyl-3-chloropropanediol is a 3-monochloropropane-1,2-diol (3-MCPD) ester.1It has been found as a contaminant in edible olive oils, with the lowest and highest concentrations in extra virgin and olive pomace oils, respectively.rac-1,2-bis-Palmitoyl-3-chloropropanediol has also been found in cottonseed and palm oils, as well as in shortening.2It induces renal tubular necrosis and a decrease in spermatids, but no gross pathological changes, in mice.3 1.Hung, W.-C., Peng, G.-J., Tsai, W.-J., et al.Identification of 3-MCPD esters to verify the adulteration of extra virgin olive oilFood Addit. Contam. Part B Surveill.10(3)233-239(2017) 2.MacMahon, S., Begley, T.H., and Diachenko, G.W.Occurrence of 3-MCPD and glycidyl esters in edible oils in the United StatesFood Addit. Contam. Part A. Chem. Anal. Control Expo. Risk Assess.30(12)2081-2092(2013) 3.Liu, M., Gao, B.-Y., Qin, F., et al.Acute oral toxicity of 3-MCPD mono- and di-palmitic esters in Swiss mice and their cytotoxicity in NRK-52E rat kidney cellsFood Chem. Toxicol.50(10)3785-3791(2012)

3-Deazaneplanocin A (DZNep) 是一种组蛋白甲基转移酶 (EZH2) 和 S-腺苷同型半胱氨酸水解酶 (AHCY) 双重抑制剂，具有抗正痘活性，可在动物模型中能够诱导其靶标的蛋白酶体降解并降低毒性，抑制肝脏、肾脏、腹膜和气道的纤维化。

OAT1 3-IN-2（化合物8）是一种针对OAT1和OAT3的双重抑制剂。该化合物能够以10 μM的浓度逆转Cys-Hg对HEK-OAT1细胞的毒害作用，并可能对肾脏具有保护效应。OAT1 3-IN-2适用于研究汞导致的肾脏损伤。

OAT1 3-IN-1（化合物7）是针对OAT1和OAT3的双重抑制剂。该化合物能逆转Cys-Hg（10 μM）对HEK-OAT1细胞引起的毒害，表明其对肾脏有潜在的保护效应。OAT1 3-IN-1适合用于探究汞引起的肾脏损伤机制研究。

(±)9(10)-DiHOME, the diol derivative of (±)9(10)-EpOME—a cytochrome P450-derived epoxide of linoleic acid also known as leukotoxin—is formed through the action of soluble epoxide hydrolase (sEH) in neutrophils. It exhibits toxicity towards Sf21 cells expressing sEH as well as tolacZ-expressing control cells, differing from leukotoxin which only harms sEH-containing cells. Furthermore, combined exposure to 9(10)- and 12(13)-DiHOME leads to cell death in rabbit renal proximal tubule cells by disrupting mitochondrial respiration, and causes lung injury, respiratory distress, and mortality in mice, highlighting its role as a toxic lipid mediator. Specifically, 9(10)-DiHOME has been associated with acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), a severe and often deadly complication in patients with major burns. Elevated levels of this compound have been detected in the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) of women, but not men, with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), and its levels are also increased in patients with allergic asthma, indicating its significance in respiratory conditions.