positive control

D-Saccharic acid 1,4-lactone hydrate 是β-葡萄糖醛酸酶的有效抑制剂（IC50=48.4 μM），可用作标准药物。D-Saccharic acid 1,4-lactone hydrate 显示出抗癌、解毒和抗氧化的活性性。

ARM1 是氨基肽酶和环氧化物水解酶抑制剂，IC50分别为为7.61 µM 和12.4 µM。

Bifenazate 是 GABA 受体的正向变构调节剂。 Bifenazate 是一种杀螨剂，可在 25 ppm 的浓度下控制 100% 的螨虫。

5'-pApA is a linearized form of cyclic di-AMP, a bacterial second messenger that activates the host innate immune system through stimulator of interferon genes (STING).1,2,3,4It is a metabolite of cyclic di-AMP formedviahydrolysis by various phosphodiesterases (PDEs).55'-pApA is intended for use as a negative control for cyclic di-AMP signaling. 1.Burdette, D.L., Monroe, K.M., Sotelo-Troha, K., et al.STING is a direct innate immune sensor of cyclic-di-GMPNature478(7370)515-518(2011) 2.Parvatiyar, K., Zhang, Z., Teles, R.M., et al.DDX41 recognizes bacterial secondary messengers cyclic di-GMP and cyclic di-AMP to activate a type I interferon immune responseNat. Immunol.13(12)1155-1161(2012) 3.Woodward, J.J., Iavarone, A.T., and Portnoy, D.A.c-di-AMP secreted by intracellular Listeria monocytogenes activates a host type I interferon responseScience328(5986)1703-1705(2010) 4.Witte, C.E., Whiteley, A.T., Burke, T.P., et al.Cyclic di-AMP is critical for Listeria monocytogenes growth, cell wall homeostasis, and establishment of infectionmBio4(3)e00282-00213(2013) 5.Fahmi, T., Port, G.C., and Cho, K.H.c-di-AMP: An essential molecule in the signaling pathways that regulate the viability and virulence of gram-positive bacteriaGenes (Basel)8(8)197(2017)

Givinostat (ITF-2357) is a HDAC inhibitor with an IC50 of 198 and 157 nM for HDAC1 and HDAC3, respectively. Givinostat (ITF2357) suppresses total LPS-induced IL-1β production robustly compared with the reduction by ITF3056. At 25, 50, and 100 nM, Givinostat reduced IL-1β secretion more than 70%. Givinostat (ITF-2357) suppresses the production of IL-6 in PBMCs stimulated with TLR agonists as well as the combination of IL-12 plus IL-18. IL-6 secretion decreases to 50% at 50 nM Givinostat, but at 100 and 200 nM, there is no reduction[1]. As shown by the CCK-8 assay, Givinostat (ITF-2357) inhibits JS-1 cell proliferation in a concentration-dependent manner. Treatment with Givinostat ≥500 nM is associated with significant inhibition of JS-1 cell proliferation (P<0.01). Also, the cell inhibition rate significantly differs between the group cotreated with Givinostat ≥250 nM plus LPS and the group without LPS treatment (same Givinostat concentration) (P<0.05)[2]. Givinostat (ITF2357) at 10 mg kg is used as a positive control and, as expected, reduced serum TNFα by 60%. Strikingly, pretreatment of ITF3056 starting at 0.1 mg kg significantly reduces the circulating TNFα by nearly 90%. To achieve a significant increase in serum IL-1β production, a higher dose of LPS is injected (10 mg kg), and blood is collected after 4 h. Similarly, when pretreated with lower doses of Givinostat (ITF-2357) (1 or 5 mg kg), there is a 22% reduction for 1 mg kg and 40% for 5 mg kg[1]. [1]. Li S, et al. Specific inhibition of histone deacetylase 8 reduces gene expression and production of proinflammatory cytokines in vitro and in vivo. J Biol Chem. 2015 Jan 23;290(4):2368-78. [2]. Wang YG, et al. Givinostat inhibition of hepatic stellate cell proliferation and protein acetylation. World J Gastroenterol. 2015 Jul 21;21(27):8326-39. [3]. Leoni F, et al. The histone deacetylase inhibitor ITF2357 reduces production of pro-inflammatory cytokines in vitro and systemic inflammation in vivo. Mol Med. 2005 Jan-Dec;11(1-12):1-15.

MCA17-1 exhibits superior bioactivity compared to the positive control, obeticholic acid (OCA), in the treatment of liver fibrosis.

The growth factors, platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) and basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) play major roles in enhanced smooth muscle cells growth in rodent blood vessels after vascular injury. Tyrosine kinase inhibition has been shown to be effective in blocking tyrosine phosphorylation at the PDGF and bFGF receptors in cultured fibroblast and vascular smooth muscle cells which in turn inhibits their proliferation[1]. CGP 53716 is a specific PDGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitor on SMC (smooth muscle cell) proliferation and migration in vitro and in neointimal formationin vivo[3]. CGP 53716 inhibited serum-induced cell growth in RASMC (rat aortic smooth muscle cells). And it completely blocked PDGF-BB tyrosine receptor autophosphorylation in RASMC and 3T3 cells, PDGF-BB-induced phosphorylation of mitogen-activated protein kinase at 1 μM in RASMC and inhibited PDGF-BB-induced c-Fos protein expression at 1 μM in RASMC; consistent with inhibition of PDGF-BB-induced DNA synthesis. Further, CGP 53716 inhibited PDGF-BB-, bFGF- and EGF-induced DNA synthesis in a concentration-dependent manner in each cell line. And it showed a 2- to 4-fold selectivity for PDGF-BB-stimulated DNA synthesis over bFGF or EGF in RASMC or 3T3 cells[1]. CGP 53716 inhibited dose dependently tyrosine phosphorylation of both the known PDGFRs: the PDGFR-α and PDGFR-β. After rat carotid artery ballooning injuryin vivo, the migration of alpha-actin-positive cells on the luminal side of internal elastic lamina was decreased with 50 mg kg day of CGP 53716 from 38 ± 10 (control group) to 4 ± 2. Intima media ratio was inhibited by 40% after 14 days in the CGP 53716-treated group (P=0.028) after rat aortic denudation[3].

DC-120 is an ATP competitive AKT kinase inhibitor that suppressed proliferation and induced apoptosis in liver cancer cells both in vitro and in vivo. DC120 blocked the phosphorylation of downstream molecules in the AKT signal pathway in dose- and time-dependent manners both in vitro and in vivo. DC120 inhibits AKT activity in vitro with an EC(50) of 153 nM. DC120 at 20 mg kg day inhibited the CNE2 xenograft tumor growth with a treated group control group ratio of 38.1%, accompanied by increasing terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferasedUTP nick-end labeling-positive cells in the tumor sample.

RatIgG2bkappa, Isotype Control 是一种源自大鼠的IgG2bκ抗体同型对照，用于排除或减少由于非特异性结合带来的假阳性结果。

4-O-Galloylbergenin shows significant 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) free-radical scavenging activity with EC50 7.8 uM, it shows more antioxidant activity than the positive control vitamin C (EC50 = 28.3 uM).

Torilin and torilolone show hepatoprotective effects on tacrine-induced cytotoxicity in human liver-derived Hep G2 cells,the EC50 values are 20.6 +/- 1.86 and 3.6 +/- 0.1 microM, respectively; and silybin as a positive control shows an EC50 value of 69.0

EBVBZLF1 (190-197) 作为源自 Epstein-Barr 病毒 (EBV) 的 CEF 控制肽，对 CD8+ T细胞是有效的表位，具备激发 IFNg 释放的能力。此外，该肽段的 CD8+ 细胞毒性 T 淋巴细胞 (CTL) 反应不仅多样且具有能交叉识别宿主自身蛋白和细菌蛋白的相似肽段的能力。因此，EBVBZLF1 (190-197) 常被用于自身免疫疾病的研究领域。

Bovine Serum Albumin, Acetylated (Ac-BSA) 是一种具有已知结构的多肽，具有强抗原性，用于验证实验方法的准确性和可靠性。Ac-BSA 可在 ELISA 或 WB 实验中作为阳性对照，特别是在乙酰化赖氨酸单克隆或多克隆抗体实验中应用。此外，Bovine Serum Albumin, Acetylated 有助于提高低浓度 PLGA 的包封效率，而 PLGA 是一种生物相容性、降解性和控释特性的药物递送聚合物。