phospholipase a-2

Phospholipase A2 (PLA2) 是一种可水解存在于磷脂 sn-2 位置的脂肪酸的酶，与脂代谢和免疫功能密切相关。

Rhamnetin (beta-Rhamnocitrin) 是一种槲皮素衍生物，在芫荽中被发现，具有抗氧化和抗炎活性。Rhamnetin 可抑制分泌型磷脂酶 A2。

PACOCF3 (Palmityltrifluoromet​hylketone) (Palmityltrifluoromethylketone) 是一种钙非依赖性的磷脂酶 A2 (phospholipase A2) 抑制剂，IC50为 3.8 μM。PACOCF3 改变肾小管细胞中的 Ca2+信号传导。

Glaucocalyxin A (Leukamenin F) 是来自日本黑纹病菌的一种对映型月桂基二萜，具有抗肿瘤作用。它通过调节PI3K Akt 信号通路抑制 GLI1 的核易位，诱导骨肉瘤凋亡。

Amentoflavone (3',8''-Biapigenin) 是一种具有很多生物活性的双黄酮类天然产物，有抗炎、抗氧化和神经保护等作用。

Lp-PLA2-IN-2 is a selective and potent lipoprotein-associated phospholipase A2 (Lp-PLA2) inhibitor, with an IC50 0f 120 nM for recombinant human Lp-PLA2.

Abroquinone A, a natural isoflavanquinone, has been shown to block cytosolic phospholipase A(2) and 5-lipoxygenase activation in neutrophils, it may have pharmaceutical potential as an antiallergic agent.

Phosphatidylethanolamines are important components of cell membranes and biochemical pathways of fatty acid synthesis. 1-Palmitoyl-2-linoleoyl PE (PLPE) is one of the many phosphatidylethanolamines that may be present in cellular membranes. It has been used in studies involving the biosynthesis of anandamide via the phospholipase A2 (PLA2) and lysoPLD pathways. PLPE can also be used as a specific substrate to assess the activity of sPLA2-IIA in the presence of other phospholipids.

Dioleoylphosphatidylglycerol (DOPG) 是由水通道蛋白3 (AQP3) 和磷脂酶 D2 (PLD2) 作用而产生的天然磷脂。此化合物能抑制巨噬细胞产生炎症介质，此作用是通过热休克蛋白 B4 (HSPB4) 激活的 toll 样受体 2 (TLR2)来实现的。

The phosphatidylinositol (PtdIns) phosphates represent a small percentage of total membrane phospholipids. However, they play a critical role in the generation and transmission of cellular signals. PtdIns-(1,2-dioctanoyl) is a synthetic analog of natural phosphatidylinositol (PtdIns) containing C8:0 fatty acids at the sn-1 and sn-2 positions. The compound features the same inositol and diacyl glycerol (DAG) stereochemistry as that of the natural compound. The short fatty acid chains of this analog, compared to naturally-occurring PtdIns, gives it different physical properties including high solubility in aqueous media. PtdIns are phosphorylated to mono- (PtdIns-P; PIP), di- (PtdIns-P2; PIP2), and triphosphates (PtdIns-P3; PIP3). Hydrolysis of PtdIns-(4,5)-P2 by phosphoinositide (PI)-specific phospholipase C generates inositol triphosphate (IP3) and DAG which are key second messengers in an intricate biochemical signal transduction cascade.

2-(E-2-decenoylamino)ethyl 2-(cyclohexylethyl) sulfide is a compound known to inhibit stress-induced ulcers, effectively maintaining the levels of phospholipase A2 and prostaglandin E2 in rats subjected to water immersion-restrained stress-induced ulceration.

The phosphatidylinositol (PtdIns) phosphates represent a small percentage of total membrane phospholipids. However, they play a critical role in the generation and transmission of cellular signals. PtdIns-(3,4,5)-P3, also known as PIP3, is resistant to cleavage by PI-specific phospholipase C (PLC). Thus, it is likely to function in signal transduction as a modulator in its own right, rather than as a source of inositol tetraphosphates. PIP3 can serve as an anchor for the binding of signal transduction proteins bearing pleckstrin homology (PH) domains. Protein binding to PIP3 is important for cytoskeletal rearrangement and membrane trafficking. PtdIns-(3,4,5)-P3 (1,2-dihexanoyl) is a synthetic analog of natural PIP3 with C6:0 fatty acids at the sn-1 and sn-2 positions. The compound features the same inositol and diacylglycerol (DAG) stereochemistry as that of the natural compound. The short fatty acid chains of this analog give it different physical properties from naturally-occurring PIP3, including higher solubility in aqueous media.

Phosphatidylinositol-(4,5)-P2(1,2-dipalmitoyl), a synthetic analog of natural phosphatidylinositol (PtdIns) with C16:0 fatty acids at the sn-1 and sn-2 positions, maintains the inositol and diacylglycerol (DAG) stereochemistry of its natural counterpart. Although phosphatidylinositol phosphates constitute a minor fraction of total membrane phospholipids, they are pivotal in initiating and propagating cellular signals. This compound mirrors the activity of the natural phosphatidylinositol produced by PtdIns-4-phosphate 5-kinase's action on PtdIns-(4)-P1. Its hydrolysis by phosphoinositide (PI)-specific phospholipase C yields inositol triphosphate (IP3) and DAG, crucial secondary messengers in a complex signal transduction pathway.

C2 Phytoceramide is a bioactive semisynthetic sphingolipid that inhibits formyl peptide-induced oxidant release (IC50 = 0.38 μM) in suspended polymorphonuclear cells. It increases COX-2 protein levels 15-fold through ERK signaling. It induces death of keratinocytes (20% viability) with an ED50 value of 30 μM, the same concentration at which 35% of cells in a TUNEL assay are apoptotic. C2 Phytoceramide also has antiproliferative effects in CHO cells, with greater than 80% cytotoxicity achieved at a concentration of 20 μM, and induces internucleosomal DNA fragmentation. In addition, it inhibits the activation of phospholipase D (PLD) mediated by muscarinic acetylcholine receptors in vitro.

3-Nitrocoumarin (3-nitrochromen-2-one) (3-NC) 是一个有效的、磷脂酶 C-γ (PLC-γ) 的选择性抑制剂。

GK563是一种针对Ca2+-independent phospholipase A2(GVIA iPLA2)的选择性抑制剂，具有1 nM的IC50值。相比于GIVA cPLA2，GK563对GVIA iPLA2的抑制活性高出22000倍。它能减少促炎细胞因子诱导的β-cell凋亡，从而增加了其在对抗自身免疫性疾病（例如1型糖尿病）中的潜在应用价值。

BTK-IN-17是一种选择性且具有BTK 抑制剂，IC50值为 13.7 nM。BTK-IN-17 降低 p-BTKY223和 p-PLCγ2Y1217的表达。BTK-IN-17 具有抗炎作用。

Arachidonoyl Thio-PC is a substrate for many phospholipase A2s (PLA2s) including sPLA2, cPLA2, and iPLA2. Cleavage of the sn-2 fatty acid by PLA2 results in generation of a free thiol which reacts with chromogenic reagents such as DTNB (Ellman's reagent) and DTP to allow quantitation of PLA2 activity. Isozyme-specific cPLA2 activity can be measured by excluding or inhibiting sPLA2 and iPLA2 activities in the assay.

Elaidamide is a fatty acid amide that has been found in the cerebrospinal fluid of sleep-deprived cats.1 It inhibits rat microsomal epoxide hydrolase (mEH; Ki = 70 nM).2 Elaidamide also inhibits porcine pancreatic and human synovial phospholipase A2 (PLA2).3 In vivo, elaidamide (10 mg/animal) induces physiological sleep in rats.1References1. Cravatt, B.F., Prospero-Garcia, O., Siuzdak, G., et al. Chemical characterization of a family of brain lipids that induce sleep. Science 268(5216), 1506-1509 (1995).2. Morisseau, C., Newman, J.W., Dowdy, D.L., et al. Inhibition of microsomal epoxide hydrolases by ureas, amides, and amines. Chem. Res. Toxicol. 14(4), 409-415 (2001).3. Jain, M.K., Ghomashchi, F., Yu, B.Z., et al. Fatty acid amides: scooting mode-based discovery of tight-binding competitive inhibitors of secreted phospholipases A2. J. Med. Chem. 35(19), 3584-3586 (1992). Elaidamide is a fatty acid amide that has been found in the cerebrospinal fluid of sleep-deprived cats.1 It inhibits rat microsomal epoxide hydrolase (mEH; Ki = 70 nM).2 Elaidamide also inhibits porcine pancreatic and human synovial phospholipase A2 (PLA2).3 In vivo, elaidamide (10 mg/animal) induces physiological sleep in rats.1 References1. Cravatt, B.F., Prospero-Garcia, O., Siuzdak, G., et al. Chemical characterization of a family of brain lipids that induce sleep. Science 268(5216), 1506-1509 (1995).2. Morisseau, C., Newman, J.W., Dowdy, D.L., et al. Inhibition of microsomal epoxide hydrolases by ureas, amides, and amines. Chem. Res. Toxicol. 14(4), 409-415 (2001).3. Jain, M.K., Ghomashchi, F., Yu, B.Z., et al. Fatty acid amides: scooting mode-based discovery of tight-binding competitive inhibitors of secreted phospholipases A2. J. Med. Chem. 35(19), 3584-3586 (1992).

sPLA2-IIA Inhibitor 是 FLSYK 的环状五肽类似物，具有环2-Nal-Leu-Ser-2-Nal-Arg (c2) 结构，能够特异性结合 hGIIA（人类 IIA 磷脂酶 A2），有效抑制其酯键水解活性。该化合物作为酯酶超家族的一员，主要作用于甘油磷脂 sn-2 位置的酯键，从而阻断游离脂肪酸和花生四烯酸等物质的释放。

Melittin free acid为一种含有26个氨基酸的碱性多肽，主要来源于蜂毒，充当磷脂酶A2（PLA2）的激活剂。此化合物展现出0.4-60μM的广谱抗真菌活性，通过诱导细胞凋亡、抑制(1,3)-β-D-葡聚糖合成酶及参与其他生物通路来抑制真菌生长。

OBAA 是一种有效的磷脂酶 A2 (PLA2) 抑制剂(IC50= 70 nM)，并且在布氏锥虫中阻断 Melittin 诱导的 Ca2+流入(IC50= 0.4 μM)。

The phosphatidylinositol (PtdIns) phosphates represent a small percentage of total membrane phospholipids. However, they play a critical role in the generation and transmission of cellular signals. PtdIns-(4)-P1 (1,2-dioctanoyl) is a synthetic analog of natural phosphatidylinositol (PtdIns) featuring C8:0 fatty acids at the sn-1 and sn-2 positions. The compound contains the same inositol and diacylglycerol (DAG) stereochemistry as the natural compound. PtdIns-(4)-P1 can be phosphorylated to di- (PtdIns-P2; PIP2) and triphosphates (PtdIns-P3; PIP3). Hydrolysis of PtdIns-(4,5)-P2 by phosphoinositide (PI)-specific phospholipase C generates inositol triphosphate (IP3) and DAG which are key second messengers in an intricate biochemical signal transduction cascade.

Cytosolic phospholipase A2α (cPLA2α) specifically catalyzes the hydrolysis of arachidonic acid from thesn-2-ester position of membrane phospholipids, playing a central role in initiating the synthesis of prostaglandins and leukotrienes, both important mediators of the inflammatory process.1CAY10641 is an inactive alcohol derivative of a highly potent (IC50= 12 nM) cPLA2α inhibitor.2The parent compound demonstrates strong anti-inflammatory effects when applied topically at a dose of 0.1 mg ear in a mouse model of acute irritant contact dermatitis.2CAY10641 is rapidly cleared from the blood stream (only 0.5 μg ml remains 30 minutes after 10 mg kg intravenous administration to mice).2However, no other biological effects have been reported. 1.Schaloske, R.H., and Dennis, E.A.The phospholipase A2 superfamily and its group numbering systemBiochemica et Biophysica Acta17611246-1259(2006) 2.Drews, A., Bovens, S., Roebrock, K., et al.1-(5-carboxyindol-1-yl)propan-2-one inhibitors of human cytosolic phospholipase A2α with reduced lipophilicity: Synthesis, biological activity, metabolic stability, solubility, bioavailability, and topical in vivo activityJournal of Medicinal Chemistry535165-5178(2010)