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THPP-1 是一种 SGC 推荐的化学探针， 是一种口服具有活性的磷酸二酯酶10A 抑制剂，其对人和大鼠的Ki 分别为 1 nM 和 1.3 nM。它的药理学特性良好。

S 18986是一种选择性、可口服活性、能渗透大脑的AMPA型受体阳性异构体调节剂，在啮齿动物中展示出增强认知的特性。它在大鼠海马体内诱导去甲肾上腺素和乙酰胆碱的释放，从而提高了对象识别记忆能力。

VU6024578 (BI02982816) 是一种口服有效的代谢型谷氨酸受体 (mGluR1) 选择性正变构调节剂 (PAM)，可激活人类和大鼠的mGluR1，EC50分别为54 nM和46 nM。在大鼠的amphetamine诱发多动症模型和MK-801诱发的新物体识别 (NOR) 模型中，VU6024578 展示出抗精神病的活性，并具有血脑屏障通透性。

DNS-8254 is a potent and selective Phosphodiesterase 2 (PDE2) inhibitor for the treatment of Memory Disorders (hPDE2a IC50 = 8 nM, Rat Cl-int = 25.6 uL min mg). DNS-8254 demonstrated significant memory enhancing effects in a rat model of novel object reco

Donecopride is a partial agonist of the serotonin (5-HT) receptor subtype 5-HT4E(Ki= 8.5 nM) and an inhibitor of acetylcholinesterase (AChE; IC50= 16 nM).1It is selective for AChE over butyrylcholinesterase (BChE; IC50= 3,530 nM) but does bind to 5-HT2Band sigma-2 (σ2) receptors (Ki= 1.6 nM for both) in a panel of 42 neurotransmitter receptors and transporters. Donecopride induces release of soluble amyloid precursor protein-α (sAPP-α) in COS-7 cells transiently expressing 5-HT4with an EC50value of 11.3 nM. Oral administration of donecopride (1 mg/kg) reduces brain soluble and insoluble amyloid-β (1-42) levels and increases the time spent exploring the novel object in the novel object recognition (NOR) test in the 5XFAD transgenic mouse model of Alzheimer's disease. Donecopride (3 mg/kg, p.o.) prevents a reduction in spontaneous alternation behavior induced by intracerebroventricular administration of soluble Aβ42 (sAβ42) in the Y-maze in mice.2 1.Lecoutey, C., Hedou, D., Freret, T., et al.Design of donecopride, a dual serotonin subtype 4 receptor agonist/acetylcholinesterase inhibitor with potential interest for Alzheimer's disease treatmentProc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA111(36)E3825-E3830(2014) 2.Rochais, C., Lecoutey, C., Hamidouche, K., et al.Donecopride, a Swiss army knife with potential against Alzheimer's diseaseBr. J. Pharmacol.177(9)1988-2005(2020)

UoS 12258 是一种具有选择性和高效性的 AMPA 受体正变构调节剂，可逆转急性和亚慢性给药后大鼠新物体识别的延迟诱导缺陷，可用于研究认知障碍。

Amyloid-β (25-35) (Aβ (25-35)) is an 11-residue fragment of the Aβ protein that retains the physical and biological characteristics of the full length peptide. It forms fibrils that react to thioflavin T and Congo red and are organized in a cross-β arrangement of β-strands similar to Aβ (1-40) and Aβ (1-42) fibrils. Aggregated Aβ (25-35) decreases the viability of rat adrenal PC12 cells. It also decreases the viability of primary rat cortical neurons at concentrations ranging from 1 nM to 30 μM. In vivo, intracerebral injection of Aβ (25-35) (20 nmol) in rats induces lesions of neuronal and tissue loss. Aggregated Aβ (25-35) administered intracerebroventricularly to rats induces learning and memory impairments in the Y-maze, novel object recognition, and contextual fear conditioning tests.

D159687 是一种PDE4D 选择性抑制剂。

BAY-747 (BAY 1165747) 为一种通过口服生效且具有脑渗透性的sGC刺激剂。它能可逆地逆转L-NAME所诱导的记忆障碍并在大鼠中增强认知功能。BAY-747还可在有意识状态下降低正常血压及自发性高血压大鼠(SHR)的血压。此外，BAY-747在mdx mTRG2小鼠模型中改善了与Duchenne肌营养不良症(DMD)相关的骨骼肌功能。

PZ-1922（Compound 16），是能穿透大脑屏障的5-HT6R 5-HT3R拮抗剂，其Ki值分别为17 nM和0.45 nM。该化合物还能可逆地抑制MAO-B（pIC50：8.93）。在大鼠的新物体识别(NOR)测试中，PZ-1922逆转了Scopolamine (SCOP)诱导的记忆缺陷；同样，在T迷宫测试中，它防止了Aβ诱发的记忆衰退。

Dityrosine, an oxidation product of protein formed through the intermolecular cross-linking of tyrosyl radicals from the reactive oxygen species (ROS) and tyrosine interaction, is associated with decreased hippocampal expression of NMDA receptor subunits Nr1, Nr2a, and Nr2b when administered intragastrically at 320 µg kg per day, leading to memory impairments in mice as evidenced by their performance in a novel object recognition test. Additionally, it raises fasting blood glucose levels while reducing plasma insulin levels and the pancreatic expression of insulin synthesis-related genes Ins2, Pdx1, and MafA. Increased dityrosine levels have been positively linked to a range of diseases, including autism spectrum disorder, cataracts, Alzheimer’s disease, Parkinson’s disease, atherosclerosis, and cystic fibrosis.

KEMPFPKYPVEP 是由 12 个氨基酸构成的神经肽。此化合物能够上调前额叶皮质中的多巴胺 (DA) 和去甲肾上腺素 (NE) 水平，并在 Scopolamine 诱导的遗忘症小鼠模型中展示出对空间和物体识别记忆的增强作用。