nervous systems

Apelin-13 是存在于中枢和外周神经系统由13个氨基酸组成的多肽序列，是 G 蛋白偶联受体angiotensin II protein J (APJ) 的内源性配体，对 APJ 的 EC50 值为 0.37 nM。Apelin-13 具有扩张血管和降压活性，可用于研究 2 型糖尿病综合征。

Sulfatides are endogenous sulfoglycolipids with various biological activities in the central and peripheral nervous systems, pancreas, and immune system. They are produced from the combination of ceramide and UDP-galactose in the endoplasmic reticulum followed by sulfation in the Golgi apparatus. The ceramide portion contains variable fatty acid chain lengths, which are tissue- and pathology-dependent. Sulfatides are primarily found in the myelin sheath of oligodendrocytes and Schwann cells, with smaller chain lengths predominant during development and longer chain lengths predominant in mature cells. They accumulate in the lysosome of patients with metachromatic leukodystrophy, a disorder characterized by arylsulfatase A deficiency. Sulfatides are also located in pancreatic β-cells and inhibit insulin release from isolated rat pancreatic islet cells, suggesting a potential role in diabetes. Sulfatides can induce inflammation in glia in vitro and certain sulfatides, such as C24:1 3'-sulfo-galactosylceramide, can induce an immune response in vitro in mouse splenocytes. Sulfatides (bovine) (sodium salt) is a mixture of isolated bovine sulfatides.

α-CGRP(human) TFA，一种含37个氨基酸的调节性神经肽，广泛存在于中枢神经系统和周围神经系统中，是一种高效的血管扩张剂。

γ-袋细胞肽，一种肽类化合物，靠近卵激素原N末端区域定位，能在胰岛素促进下释放其囊泡内容。该肽在中枢及周围神经系统研究中具有应用价值。

Secretin (swine)为源自猪的神经内分泌激素，由十二指肠黏膜S细胞产生，具有27个氨基酸的多肽结构，并针对分泌素受体起作用。此激素在各类成熟肠内分泌细胞亚群中表达，受脂肪酸的促进。它主要激发胰腺释放水和碳酸氢盐，同时在消化系统、中枢神经系统和能量代谢方面具有广泛应用。

Gluten Exorphin A5是一种小麦麸质的片段，它在周围神经系统和中枢神经系统中显示出具有神经保护的多样作用。

[Thr28, Nle31]-Cholecystokinin (25-33) 是一种具备CCK8所有生物活性的胆囊收缩素 (CCK) 类似物，表现出食欲抑制功效。它在胃肠道系统和中枢神经系统中担任激素和神经递质角色。此肽通过 Thr28 和 Nle31 的特殊替代，展现出在酸性条件下的高稳定性，并能抵抗空气氧化（防止蛋氨酸受损）。其主要构象特征为以Thr4为核心的γ转角和Gly5分隔的C末端螺旋片段。

β-CGRP, human ,a 37-amino acid peptide,is the beta form of Calcitonin-gene-related peptide (β-CGRP), involved extensively in regulation of the cardiovascular and nervous systems. β-CGRP contains a disulphide bridge at the N-terminus, a C-terminal phenylal

Neuropeptide Y (22-36), a 15-amino acid fragment of Neuropeptide Y, is involved in various physiological and homeostatic processes in both the central and peripheral nervous systems.

Dynorphin A是一种内源性阿片肽和κ-opioid receptor(KOR)激动剂，也对μ-和δ-opioid receptor有一定激动作用，在中枢神经系统和外周神经系统中发挥神经递质和调节作用，能够镇痛和调节情绪。

Neuropeptide Y (NPY) is a 36-amino acid neuropeptide that exerts its activity via G-protein-coupled receptors. NPY is widely distributed in the peripheral and central nervous systems. It modulates a variety of physiological processes, e.g. the central reg