nervous systems

Apelin-13 是存在于中枢和外周神经系统由13个氨基酸组成的多肽序列，是 G 蛋白偶联受体angiotensin II protein J (APJ) 的内源性配体，对 APJ 的 EC50 值为 0.37 nM。Apelin-13 具有扩张血管和降压活性，可用于研究 2 型糖尿病综合征。

Astragaloside IV (AS-IV) 是从黄芪中分离得到的一种皂苷，抑制ERK1 2和JNK 激活，在乳腺癌细胞 MDA-MB-231 中，下调(MMP)-2和(MMP)-9的信号通路。

Tyramine (Uteramine) 是天然存在于体内或某些食物中的氨基酸。Tyramine 有助于调节血压。

Biperiden (Bipariden) 是中枢 M1胆碱受体阻断剂，有抗帕金森症活性。

Pi-Methylimidazoleacetic acid, considered a potential neurotoxin, targets the nervous system and may pose significant health risks when absorbed or metabolized within biological systems.

Oxysophocarpine 是提取自海藻的生物碱。它对中枢神经系统和周围神经系统具有神经保护作用和抗伤害感受作用。

PD 140376 is a highly selective antagonist radioligand for the cholecystokinin(B)-gastrin receptor in guinea pig gastric mucosa & cerebral cortex in the peripheral and central nervous systems.

Neurokinin A (4-10), nle(10)- is a neurologically active peptide translated from the pre-protachykinin gene. Neurokinin A has many excitatory effects on mammalian nervous systems and on the mammalian inflammatory and pain responses.

Sulfatides are endogenous sulfoglycolipids with various biological activities in the central and peripheral nervous systems, pancreas, and immune system. They are produced from the combination of ceramide and UDP-galactose in the endoplasmic reticulum followed by sulfation in the Golgi apparatus. The ceramide portion contains variable fatty acid chain lengths, which are tissue- and pathology-dependent. Sulfatides are primarily found in the myelin sheath of oligodendrocytes and Schwann cells, with smaller chain lengths predominant during development and longer chain lengths predominant in mature cells. They accumulate in the lysosome of patients with metachromatic leukodystrophy, a disorder characterized by arylsulfatase A deficiency. Sulfatides are also located in pancreatic β-cells and inhibit insulin release from isolated rat pancreatic islet cells, suggesting a potential role in diabetes. Sulfatides can induce inflammation in glia in vitro and certain sulfatides, such as C24:1 3'-sulfo-galactosylceramide, can induce an immune response in vitro in mouse splenocytes. Sulfatides (bovine) (sodium salt) is a mixture of isolated bovine sulfatides.

Tetracosanoyl-sulfatide is an endogenous sulfated glycolipid, which are also known as sulfatides . Tetracosanoyl-sulfatide is the major sulfatide in mature myelin in the central and peripheral nervous systems. Levels of Tetracosanoyl-sulfatide are elevated in plasma derived from patients with metachromatic leukodystrophy, a disorder characterized by arylsulfatase A deficiency, leading to sulfatide accumulation. Unlike C24:1 3'-sulfo galactosylceramide, it does not induce an immune response in mouse splenocytes in vitro.

RET-IN-9 是一种 RET 的有效抑制剂。其中 RET 激酶是一种单通道跨膜受体酪氨酸激酶，在肾脏和肠神经系统的发育以及维持神经、内分泌、造血和男性生殖系统的体内平衡中发挥着重要作用。RET-IN-9 具有潜力进行 RET 相关疾病的研究（包括非小细胞肺癌和甲状腺髓样癌）。

α-CGRP(human) TFA，一种含37个氨基酸的调节性神经肽，广泛存在于中枢神经系统和周围神经系统中，是一种高效的血管扩张剂。

γ-袋细胞肽，一种肽类化合物，靠近卵激素原N末端区域定位，能在胰岛素促进下释放其囊泡内容。该肽在中枢及周围神经系统研究中具有应用价值。

Secretin (swine)为源自猪的神经内分泌激素，由十二指肠黏膜S细胞产生，具有27个氨基酸的多肽结构，并针对分泌素受体起作用。此激素在各类成熟肠内分泌细胞亚群中表达，受脂肪酸的促进。它主要激发胰腺释放水和碳酸氢盐，同时在消化系统、中枢神经系统和能量代谢方面具有广泛应用。

Gluten Exorphin A5是一种小麦麸质的片段，它在周围神经系统和中枢神经系统中显示出具有神经保护的多样作用。

[Thr28, Nle31]-Cholecystokinin (25-33) 是一种具备CCK8所有生物活性的胆囊收缩素 (CCK) 类似物，表现出食欲抑制功效。它在胃肠道系统和中枢神经系统中担任激素和神经递质角色。此肽通过 Thr28 和 Nle31 的特殊替代，展现出在酸性条件下的高稳定性，并能抵抗空气氧化（防止蛋氨酸受损）。其主要构象特征为以Thr4为核心的γ转角和Gly5分隔的C末端螺旋片段。

β-CGRP, human ,a 37-amino acid peptide,is the beta form of Calcitonin-gene-related peptide (β-CGRP), involved extensively in regulation of the cardiovascular and nervous systems. β-CGRP contains a disulphide bridge at the N-terminus, a C-terminal phenylal

Neuropeptide Y (22-36), a 15-amino acid fragment of Neuropeptide Y, is involved in various physiological and homeostatic processes in both the central and peripheral nervous systems.

Neuropeptide Y (NPY) is a 36-amino acid neuropeptide that exerts its activity via G-protein-coupled receptors. NPY is widely distributed in the peripheral and central nervous systems. It modulates a variety of physiological processes, e.g. the central reg

Cereulide 是一种由蜡样芽孢杆菌产生的毒素肽。它可诱导细胞凋亡 (Apoptosis)，并作用于线粒体，导致不同器官[如肝脏、胰腺、脑、肠道等]和身体系统[如免疫系统和神经系统]的功能障碍。

Antho-RFamide，一种从海葵（Anthopleura elegantissima）中提取的神经肽，具有Arg-Phe-NH2的特定羧基末端序列，该序列在神经信号传递中具有关键功能。此化合物主要用于探究神经肽在最简单动物神经系统中的作用。

Antho-Rwamide II 是从海葵Anthopleura elegantissima中分离出的一种神经肽.这种化合物能够诱导海葵内皮肌肉的收缩,并参与神经传递过程,因而可用于研究无脊椎动物的神经系统功能.

DL-Aspartic acid (hemimagnesium salt 即 DL-天门冬硫酸盐）是DL-天冬氨酸半镁盐，常用于食品补充剂和食品添加剂。它能够促进蛋白质合成，并对神经系统和心血管系统提供一定的保护。此外，DL-天冬氨酸半镁盐也可通过某些工业化学反应制得。