Cylindrospermopsin, a tricyclic uracil derivative, is a cyanobacterial toxin that was first discovered in an algal bloom contaminating a local drinking supply on Palm Island in Queensland, Australia after an outbreak of a mysterious disease. Cylindrospermopsin targets protein and glutathione synthesis in hepatocytes (IC50s = 1.3 and 2.4 µM, respectively), leading to cell death. [1] It has been shown to inhibit the activity of the uridine monophosphate synthase complex with a Ki value of 10 µM.[2] Cylindrospermopsin is genotoxic, inducing DNA damage as evidenced by double strand breaks and reducing cell viability in HepG2 cells at 0.1-0.5 µg ml.[3]
Phomopsinamine is an inhibitor of microtubule polymerization and a derivative of phomopsin A .1It inhibits the rate and extent of polymerization of tubulin isolated from ovine brain (IC50s = 0.53 and 0.59 μM, respectively). 1.Lacey, E., Edgar, J.A., and Culvenor, C.C.Interaction of phomopsin A and related compounds with purified sheep brain tubulinBiochem. Pharmacol.36(13)2133-2138(1987)
Chrysoeriol-7-O-glucoside can strongly inhibit the classical pathway of the complement system.Chrysoeriol-7-O-d-glucoside and luteolin-7-O-d-glucoside can inhibit palmitic acid uptake into small intestinal brush border membrane, apigenin-7-O-d-glucoside can inhibit alpha-amylase activity; they can enhance norepinephrine-induced lipolysis in fat cells.