mitochondrial complex-1

Tebufenpyrad (Comanche) 是一种重要的农业化学杀螨剂，其作用类似于已知的线粒体毒物 rotenone。

Boscalid 是一种广谱羧酰胺类杀菌剂，通过与线粒体复合物 II 琥珀酸脱氢酶的泛醌位点结合来抑制真菌呼吸。

ATP synthase inhibitor 1 是 F1 FO-ATP 合酶复合物 c 亚基的有效抑制剂，抑制线粒体通透性转换孔的开放。

Annonacin is an Acetogenin and promotes cytotoxicity via a pathway inhibiting the mitochondrial complex and it is the active agent found in Graviola leaf extract to act as an inhibitor of sodium potassium (NKA) and sarcoplasmic reticulum (SERCA) ATPase pu

Aumitin 是一种基于二氨基嘧啶的自噬抑制剂，以剂量依赖性抑制饥饿和雷帕霉素诱导的自噬，IC50分别为 0.12 μM 和 0.24 μM。它通过靶向复合物 I 抑制线粒体呼吸。

Bcl-2-IN-22（compound 1）是一种具有抗癌活性的金(I) NHC配合物。该化合物通过线粒体途径促使细胞发生凋亡(apoptosis)，其IC50值达到了0.014 μM。针对BCL-2家族成员，Bcl-2-IN-22对过度表达BCL-2的多药耐药白血病细胞显示出促进凋亡(apoptosis)及再敏化的效果。

Ganglioside GD3 is synthesized by the addition of two sialic acid residues to lactosylceramide and can serve as a precursor to the formation of more complex gangliosides by the action of glycosyl- and sialyltransferases. It induces apoptosis in HuT-78 cutaneous T cell lymphoma cells in a concentration-dependent manner and disrupts the mitochondrial membrane potential when used at a concentration of 200 μM. Expression of ganglioside GD3 in GD3-negative SK-MEL-28-N1 malignant melanoma cells increases both cell proliferation and invasion in vitro. Ganglioside GD3-deficient adult mice exhibit progressive loss of the neural stem cell (NSC) pool and impaired neurogenesis. Ganglioside GD3 mixture contains ganglioside GD3 molecular species with C18:1 and C20:1 sphingoid backbones.

Napyradiomycin A1is a fungal metabolite originally isolated fromC. rubraand has diverse biological activities.1,2It is active againstS. aureus,M. luteus,B. anthracis,C. bovis, andM. smegmatis(MICs = 1.56-12.5 μg ml).1Napyradiomycin A1is an estrogen receptor antagonist (IC50= 4.2 μM in rat uterine homogenates).2It also inhibits mitochondrial NADH:ubiquinone oxidoreductase (complex I) and succinate:ubiquinone oxidoreductase (complex II) activities in bovine heart homogenates (IC50s = 20 and 9.7 μM, respectively).3 1.Shiomi, K., Iinuma, H., Hamada, M., et al.Novel antibiotics napyradiomycins. Production, isolation, physico-chemical properties and biological activityJ. Antibiot. (Tokyo)39(4)487-493(1986) 2.Hori, Y., Abe, Y., Shigematsu, N., et al.Napyradiomycins A and B1: Non-steroidal estrogen-receptor antagonists produced by a StreptomycesJ. Antibiot. (Tokyo)46(12)1890-1893(1993) 3.Yamamoto, K., Tashiro, E., Motohashi, K., et al.Napyradiomycin A1, an inhibitor of mitochondrial complexes I and IIJ. Antibiot. (Tokyo)65(4)211-214(2012)

N-Desbutyl dronedarone is an active metabolite of the antiarrhythmic agent dronedarone .1,2,3It is formed from dronedarone by cytochrome P450s (CYPs) and monoamine oxidase (MAO) in human hepatocyte preparations.4N-Desbutyl dronedarone inhibits the binding of 3,3’,5-triiodo-L-thyronine to the thyroid hormone receptors TRα1and TRβ1(IC50s = 59 and 280 μM for the chicken and human receptors, respectively).1It inhibits CYP2J2-mediated formation of 14,15-EET from arachidonic acid and soluble epoxide hydrolase-mediated formation of 14,15-DHET from 14,15-EET (IC50s = 1.59 and 2.73 μM, respectively, in cell-free assays).2N-Desbutyl dronedarone decreases intracellular ATP levels in H9c2 rat cardiomyocytes (IC50= 1.07 μM) and inhibits mitochondrial complex I, also known as NADH dehydrogenase, and mitochondrial complex II, also known as succinate dehydrogenase, activities in isolated rat heart mitochondria (IC50s = 11.94 and 24.54 μM, respectively).3 1.Van Beeren, H.C., Jong, W.M.C., Kaptein, E., et al.Dronerarone acts as a selective inhibitor of 3,5,3’-triiodothyronine binding to thyroid hormone receptor-α1: in vitro and in vivo evidenceEndocrinology144(2)552-558(2003) 2.Karkhanis, A., Tram, N.D.T., and Chan, E.C.Y.Effects of dronedarone, amiodarone and their active metabolites on sequential metabolism of arachidonic acid to epoxyeicosatrienoic and dihydroxyeicosatrienoic acidsBiochem. Pharmacol.146188-198(2017) 3.Karkhanis, A., Leow, J.W.H., Hagen, T., et al.Dronedarone-induced cardiac mitochondrial dysfunction and its mitigation by epoxyeicosatrienoic acidsToxicol. Sci.163(1)79-91(2018) 4.Klieber, S., Arabeyre-Fabre, C., Moliner, P., et al.Identification of metabolic pathways and enzyme systems involved in the in vitro human hepatic metabolism of dronedarone, a potent new oral antiarrhythmic drugPharmacol. Res. Perspec.2(3)e00044(2014)

Mitochondrial release of cytochrome c triggers apoptosis via the assembly of a multimeric complex including caspase-9, Apaf-1, and other components, sometimes called the apoptosome. Library screens have identified small molecules that activate the apoptosome by binding to one or more of its components. CAY10443 is one such molecule. In a cell free, multi-component assay, it activated caspase-3 with an EC50 of 5 μM. These apoptotic activators represent therapeutic lead compounds for the development of antitumor drugs.

Ru360, an oxygen-bridged dinuclear ruthenium amine complex, is a selective mitochondrial calcium uptake inhibitor. Ru360 potently inhibits Ca2+ uptake into mitochondria with an IC50 of 0.184 nM. Ru360 binds to mitochondria with high affinity (Kd of 0.34 nM). Ru360 has antiarrhythmic and cardioprotective effects[1][2]. Ru360 permeates slowly into the cell, and specifically inhibits mitochondrial calcium uptake in intact cardiomyocytes and in isolated heart. 1 μm Ru360 is taken up by myocardial cells and accumulated in the cytosol in a biphasic manner[1]. During pelleting hypoxia, Ru360 (10 µM) significantly improves cell viability in wild type cardiomyocytes[3]. Ru360 (15-50 nmol/kg) treatment abolishes the incidence of arrhythmias and haemodynamic dysfunction elicited by reperfusion in a whole rat model. Ru360 administration partially inhibits calcium uptake, preventing mitochondria from depolarization by the opening of the mitochondrial permeability transition pore (mPTP)[1]. [1]. G de J García-Rivas, et al. Ru360, a Specific Mitochondrial Calcium Uptake Inhibitor, Improves Cardiac Post-Ischaemic Functional Recovery in Rats in Vivo. Br J Pharmacol. 2006 Dec;149(7):829-37. [2]. M A Matlib, et al. Oxygen-bridged Dinuclear Ruthenium Amine Complex Specifically Inhibits Ca2+ Uptake Into Mitochondria in Vitro and in Situ in Single Cardiac Myocytes. J Biol Chem. 1998 Apr 24;273(17):10223-31. [3]. Lukas J Motloch, et al. UCP2 Modulates Cardioprotective Effects of Ru360 in Isolated Cardiomyocytes During Ischemia. Pharmaceuticals (Basel). 2015 Aug 4;8(3):474-82.

Sitamaquine is an antileishmanial agent.1It is active againstL. donovani,L. infantum,L. mexicana,L. braziliensis, andL. tropica(EC50s = 9.5-19.8 μM). It inhibits mitochondrial complex II, also known as succinate dehydrogenase (SDH), in a cell-free assay when used at concentrations ranging from 10 to 200 μM.2Sitamaquine (100 μM) increases intracellular levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and decreases intracellular ATP levels, as well as induces phosphatidylserine externalization, chromatin fragmentation, and depolarization of the mitochondrial membrane potential, markers of apoptosis, inL. donovanipromastigotes. 1.López-Martín, C., Pérez-Victoria, J.M., Carvalho, L., et al.Sitamaquine sensitivity in Leishmania species is not mediated by drug accumulation in acidocalcisomesAntimicrob. Agents Chemother.52(11)4030-4036(2008) 2.Carvalho, L.J.M., Luque-Ortega, J.R., López-Martín, C., et al.The 8-aminoquinoline analogue sitamaquine causes oxidative stress in Leishmania donovani promastigotes by targeting succinate dehydrogenaseAntimicrob. Agents Chemother.55(9)4204-4210(2011)

KUSC-5037 是一种 HIF-1 的有效抑制剂，其 IC50 值为 1.2 μM。KUSC-5037 对线粒体呼吸复合体 V 和 FoF1ATP 合酶表现出抑制作用。

Ametoctradin 是一种线粒体呼吸复合物 III 的 Qo 位点抑制剂，是农业杀菌剂，可选择性抑制卵菌的细胞色素 bc（1） 复合物，可用于研究植物卵菌病害。

NCI-006 is a potent new inhibitor of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) that disrupts tumor growth in mice. LDH inhibition slows tumor growth but rapidly redirects pyruvate to support mitochondrial metabolism. Inhibiting both mitochondrial complex 1 and LDH suppresses metabolic plasticity of glycolytic tumors in vivo, significantly prolonging tumor growth inhibition.

NHEJ inhibitor-1 (Compound C2) 是一种三功能 Pt(II) 复合物，可缓解非同源末端连接 (NHEJ) 同源重组 (HR) 相关的双链断裂 (DSB) 修复，从而避免非小细胞肺对顺铂的耐药性。NHEJ inhibitor-1 抑制损伤修复蛋白 Ku70 和 Rad51，从而使肿瘤对活性分子重新敏感。NHEJ inhibitor-1 还诱导 ROS 产生和MMP 降低。

NecroIr1 是一种铱 (III) 复合物，是顺铂 (Cisplatin) 耐药肺癌细胞 (A549R) 的坏死诱导剂。NecroIr1 选择性积累在线粒体中，导致氧化应激和线粒体膜电位 (MMP) 的损失。NecroIr1 能够激活受体相互作用的丝氨酸苏氨酸激酶 3 (RIPK3) 和混合谱系激酶结构域样假激酶 (MLKL)，调节CDK4表达。

NecroIr2 是一种铱 (III) 复合物，是顺铂 (Cisplatin) 耐药肺癌细胞 (A549R) 的坏死诱导剂。NecroIr2 选择性积累在线粒体中，导致氧化应激和线粒体膜电位 (MMP) 的损失。NecroIr2 能够激活受体相互作用的丝氨酸苏氨酸激酶 3 (RIPK3) 和混合谱系激酶结构域样假激酶 (MLKL)，调节CDK4表达。

Antiproliferative agent-10 (compound 1) 是一种钌(II)-三吡唑基甲烷抗肿瘤复合物，能够通过阻断线粒体钙吸收来抑制癌细胞增殖。

Leramistat (HMC-C-01-A; MBS2320)为线粒体复合物1抑制剂，关与调控细胞代谢及免疫代谢。该化合物被用于抑制诸如特应性皮炎的皮肤病、自身免疫性与炎症性疾病和癌症，以及破骨细胞介导的疾病。

TRAP1-IN-1（化合物35）是一种高效、具有高选择性的TRAP1抑制剂，其中TRAP1为Hsp90蛋白质家族中的一种线粒体同源体。该抑制剂对TRAP1的选择性优于Grp94超过250倍，能够破坏TRAP1四聚体的稳定性，并诱导下游蛋白质的降解。此外，TRAP1-IN-1能够抑制线粒体氧化磷酸化复合体（OXPHOS），破坏线粒体膜电位，并促进糖酵解过程。

SCAL-255，作为有效的线粒体复合物 I (CI) 抑制剂，具有 1.14 μM 的 IC50 值。该化合物通过抑制 OCR、诱导 ROS 产生并降低 MMP，干扰线粒体功能，对氧化磷酸化(OXPHOS)依赖性癌细胞显示出显著的抗增殖活性。

SCAL-266为线粒体复合物I (CI) 的有效抑制剂，IC50值为0.83 μM。它能够抑制线粒体功能，阻断氧耗量率(OCR)，诱导活性氧(ROS)的产生，降低线粒体膜电位(MMP)。此外，SCAL-266对依赖氧化磷酸化(OXPHOS)的癌细胞展示出强烈的抗增殖效果。

fac-[Re(CO)3(L6)(H2O)][NO3]（compound 6）是一种具有针对线粒体功能失调的抗癌活性的铼(I)三羰基水配合物。该化合物对前列腺癌细胞展现出显著的细胞毒性，具有50 nM的IC50值（PC-3细胞）。fac-[Re(CO)3(L6)(H2O)][NO3]能够主要集中在细胞核，抑制PC3细胞的ATP生成并诱导细胞凋亡，而不触发坏死、焦亡或自噬过程。