microbial metabolite

Ursodeoxycholic acid sodium (Sodium Ursodeoxycholate) 是一种天然存在的次级胆汁酸，具有抗炎和细胞保护活性。Ursodeoxycholic acid sodium 作为信号分子，通过与胆汁酸激活受体相互作用发挥其作用，包括 G 蛋白偶联胆汁酸受体 5 (TGR5) 和法尼醇 X 受体 (FXR)。

3-Indoleacrylic acid 是由链球菌属产生的色氨酸的代谢产物。3-Indoleacrylic acid 对肠上皮屏障功能有有益作用，并减轻免疫细胞的炎症反应。

Arcyriaflavin A 来源于 Eudistoma sp，对D1-CDK4 、B–CDK1和CaMKII具有抑制作用，IC50值分别为0.14μM、1.13μM和0.025μM，同时对HCT-116和NCI-H460细胞具有抑制作用，IC50值分别为0.85μM和0.59μM。

Vitamin K (Kephton) 具有凝血作用，对凝血因子、基质-Gla 蛋白和骨钙素很重要。

Vasopressin (argipressin) 是一种由下丘脑神经元合成的环状九肽，是肽原激素合成中的一种激素。Vasopressin 参与下丘脑-垂体-肾上腺轴调节过程，增加无溶质水从肾小管的滤液中重新吸收回循环中的量，收缩小动脉提高压强，增强促肾上腺皮质激素释放因子的刺激作用调节垂体促肾上腺皮质激素分泌。Vasopressin 在神经传导过程中可作为神经递质，与特定的 G 蛋白偶联受体结合发挥作用。

Bestatin (Ubenimex) 是 CD13 (Aminopeptidase N) APN 和 leukotriene A4 hydrolase 抑制剂，可用于癌症研究。

D-Arginine (D-精氨酸) 是L-Arginine的 D 型异构体和非活性形式。D-Arginine是内源性代谢物和EC 4.1.1.19 (arginine decarboxylase, 精氨酸脱羧酶)的抑制剂，对微生物具有广谱毒性并且可作为微生物亚群的调节剂。

Phenylacetylglutamine (NSC 203800) 是结肠微生物的代谢物，源于氨基酸发酵。

2,5-Furandicarboxylic acid (Dehydromucic Acid) 是重要的能够再生生物技术基础，能够在人类尿液中检测到，在聚酯生产中能够作为对苯二甲酸的环保替代品。

D-(-)-Lactic acid sodium (Sodium D-lactate) 是一种微生物代谢产物，作为一种手性分子，常用于糖酵解等相关研究 ，其中 L-异构体在生物体中最常见。

Urolithin C 属于多酚类，是鞣花酸的肠道微生物代谢产物，具有胰岛素分泌的葡萄糖依赖性激活活性。Urolithin C 是 L 型 Ca2+通道开放剂，可增强 Ca2+的流入。它通过线粒体介导的途径诱导细胞凋亡，并刺激活性氧的形成。

Decoyinine (Decynylene) 是一种选择性的GMP 合成酶抑制剂，是一种新型的潜在微生物杀虫剂，是一种由透明链霉菌产生的次级代谢产物。Decoyinine 诱导水稻对小棕瓢虫Laodelphax striatellus 的抗性。

p-Cresyl sulfate potassium (p-Tolyl sulfate potassium salt) 是一种尿毒症毒素，能够与原型蛋白质结合。

2-Methylbutyrylcarnitine (chloride) 作为一种支链酰基肉碱，是肠道微生物代谢的产物。它通过结合血小板中的整合素α2β1，不仅促进细胞质磷脂酶 A2 (cPLA2) 的活化，而且增强了血小板的过度反应性。此外，实验表明，2-Methylbutyrylcarnitine (chloride) 能显著提升小鼠血小板的超反应性和血栓形成能力。

Phepropeptin C 是一种蛋白酶体 (proteasome) 抑制剂，IC50为 12.5 μg mL，属于微生物次级代谢产物。

Alazopeptin monohydrate is a microbial metabolite. Alazopeptin is an antibiotic, with moderate anti-trypanosomal.

Myxochelin A is a microbial metabolite that has been found inA. disciformisand has diverse biological activities.1It is active against Gram-positive bacteria, includingB. cereus,S. aureus, andM. luteus, but not Gram-negative bacteria or fungi in an agar diffusion assay when used at a concentration of 80 μg disc. Myxochelin A inhibits 5-lipoxygenase (5-LO) activity with an IC50value of 1.9 μM for the recombinant human enzyme.2It is cytotoxic to 26-L5 colon cancer cells when used at a concentration of 3 μg ml.3

4-Hydroxy Atorvastatin calcium salt是Atorvastatin被cytochrome P450 CYP3A4代谢得到的，具有抗菌和抗微生物活性。Atorvastatin是一种能够降低血脂的HMG-CoA 还原酶抑制剂。

(±)14(15)-EpETE是一种含有环氧基团的二十碳四烯酸衍生物，是肠道微生物脂质代谢物，通过靶向GCG PKA信号抑制Substance P释放减轻大鼠顺铂化疗诱导的恶心和呕吐，通常用于研究炎症和代谢。

(-)-Mycousnine is a microbial metabolite and derivative of usnic acid originally isolated fromM. nawaethat has antibacterial and antifungal activities.1,2It is active against the Gram-positive bacteriaB. subtilis,K. rhizophila, andS. aureus(MICs = 4, 8, and 4 g ml, respectively) but not the Gram-negative bacteriaE. coli,S. typhimurium, andK. pneumoniae(MICs = >128 g ml for all).2(-)-Mycousnine is also active against the fungiT. mentagrophytes,T. rubrum, andC. albicans(MICs = 25, 25, and 100 μg ml, respectively).1 1.Sassa, T., and Igarashi, M.Structures of (-)-mycousnine, (+)-isomycousnine and (+)-oxymycousnine, new usnic acid derivatives from phytopathogenic Mycosphaerella nawaeAgric. BioI. Chem.54(9)2231-2237(1990) 2.Lee, J., Lee, J., Kim, G.J., et al.Mycousfurans A and B, antibacterial usnic acid congeners from the fungus Mycosphaerella sp., isolated from a marine sedimentMar. Drugs17(7)422(2019)

Phenylpyropene A is a fungal metabolite originally isolated from P. griseofulvum that has enzyme inhibitory and insecticidal activities.1,2,3 It inhibits acyl-coenzyme A:cholesterol acyltransferase (ACAT; IC50 = 0.8 μM).1 Phenylpyropene A inhibits diacylglycerol acyltransferase (DGAT) in rat liver microsomes (IC50 = 78.7 μM). It induces mortality in 100% of M. persicae when used at a concentration of 5 ppm.3 |1. Kwon, O.E., Rho, M.C., Song, H.Y., et al. Phenylpyropene A and B, new inhibitors of acyl-CoA: Cholesterol acyltransferase produced by Penicillium griseofulvum F1959. J. Antibiot. (Tokyo) 55(11), 1004-1008 (2002).|2. Lee, S.W., Rho, M.C., Choi, J.H., et al. Inhibition of diacylglycerol acyltransferase by phenylpyropenes produced by Penicillium griseofulvum F1959. J. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 18(11), 1785-1788 (2008).|3. Horikoshi, R., Goto, K., Mitomi, M., et al. Identification of pyripyropene A as a promising insecticidal compound in a microbial metabolite screening. J. Antibiot. (Tokyo) 70(3), 272-276 (2017).

Benanomicin A is a microbial metabolite that has been found inActinomycetesand has antifungal, fungicidal, and antiviral activities.1,2It is active against a variety of mammalian and plant pathogenic fungi, includingC. albicans,T. mentagrophytes,C. neoformans,P. oryzae, andA. niger(MICs = 3.13-50 μg ml).1Benanomicin A inhibits HIV-1 viral infection in MT-4 cells in a concentration-dependent manner.2 1.Takeuchi, T., Hara, T., Naganawa, H., et al.New antifungal antibiotics, benanomicins A and B from an actinomyceteJ. Antibiot. (Tokyo)41(6)807-811(1987) 2.Kondo, S., Gomi, S., Ikeda, D., et al.Antifungal and antiviral activities of benanomicins and their analoguesJ. Antibiot. (Tokyo)44(11)1228-1236(1990)

Benanomicin B is a microbial metabolite that has been found inActinomycetesand has antifungal, fungicidal, and antiviral activities.1,2It is active against a variety of mammalian and plant pathogenic fungi, includingC. albicans,T. mentagrophytes,C. neoformans, andP. oryzae(MICs = 1.56-50 μg ml).1Benanomicin B inhibits HIV-1 viral infection in MT-4 cells in a concentration-dependent manner.2 1.Takeuchi, T., Hara, T., Naganawa, H., et al.New antifungal antibiotics, benanomicins A and B from an actinomyceteJ. Antibiot. (Tokyo)41(6)807-811(1987) 2.Kondo, S., Gomi, S., Ikeda, D., et al.Antifungal and antiviral activities of benanomicins and their analoguesJ. Antibiot. (Tokyo)44(11)1228-1236(1990)

Bisucaberin is a siderophore and bacterial metabolite that has been found inA. haloplanktisand has anticancer activity.1,2It inhibits the growth of L1210 and 1MC carcinoma cells (IC50s = 9.7 and 12.7 μM, respectively) and sensitizes fibrosarcoma 1023 cells to macrophage-mediated cytolysis. 1.Hou, Z., Raymond, K.N., O’Sullivan, B., et al.A preorganized siderophore: Thermodynamic and structural characterization of alcaligin and bisucaberin, microbial macrocyclic dihydroxamate chelating agentsInorg. Chem.37(26)6630-6637(1998) 2.Kameyama, T., Takahashi, A., Kurasawa, S., et al.Bisucaberin, a new siderophore, sensitizing tumor cells to macrophage-mediated cytolysis. I. Taxonomy of the producing organism, isolation and biological propertiesJ. Antibiot. (Tokyo)40(12)1664-1670(1987)