human mast cells

MK-571 sodium (L-660711 sodium salt) 是一种可口服的选择性白三烯 D4受体拮抗剂，在豚鼠和人肺膜的 Ki 分别为0.22 和 2.1 nM。

Nylidrin hydrochloride (Buphenine HCl) 是被动致敏大鼠腹腔肥大细胞中IgE 介导的组胺释放抑制剂，具有抗过敏的功效。它也是被动致敏的豚鼠肺切片中 IgG1 介导的组胺释放抑制剂。

Rupatadine (UR-12592) is a potent dual PAF H1 antagonist with Ki of 0.55 0.1 uM(rabbit platelet membranes guinea pig cerebellum membranes).IC50 value:Target: PAF H1 antagonistin vitro: Rupatadine competitively inhibited histamine-induced guinea pig ileum contraction (pA2 = 9.29 + - 0.06) without affecting contraction induced by ACh, serotonin or leukotriene D4 (LTD4). It also competitively inhibited PAF-induced platelet aggregation in washed rabbit platelets (WRP) (pA2 = 6.68 + - 0.08) and in human platelet-rich plasma (HPRP) (IC50 = 0.68 microM), while not affecting ADP- or arachidonic acid-induced platelet aggregation [1]. The IC50 for rupatadine in A23187, concanavalin A and anti-IgE induced histamine release was 0.7+ -0.4 microM, 3.2+ -0.7 microM and 1.5+ -0.4 microM, respectively whereas for loratadine the IC50 was 2.1+ -0.9 microM, 4.0+ -1.3 M and 1.7+ -0.5 microM. SR-27417A exhibited no inhibitory effect [2].in vivo: Rupatadine blocked histamine- and PAF-induced effects in vivo, such as hypotension in rats (ID50 = 1.4 and 0.44 mg kg i.v., respectively) and bronchoconstriction in guinea pigs (ID50 = 113 and 9.6 micrograms kg i.v.). Moreover, it potently inhibited PAF-induced mortality in mice (ID50 = 0.31 and 3.0 mg kg i.v. and p.o., respectively) and endotoxin-induced mortality in mice and rats (ID50 = 1.6 and 0.66 mg kg i.v.) [1]. rupatadine treatment improved the declined lung function and significantly decreased animal death. Moreover, rupatadine was able not only to attenuate silica-induced silicosis but also to produce a superior therapeutic efficacy compared to pirfenidone, histamine H1 antagonist loratadine, or PAF antagonist CV-3988 [3]. [1]. Merlos M, et al. Rupatadine, a new potent, orally active dual antagonist of histamine and platelet-activating factor (PAF). J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 1997 Jan;280(1):114-21. [2]. Queralt M, et al. In vitro inhibitory effect of rupatadine on histamine and TNF-alpha release from dispersed canine skin mast cells and the human mast cell line HMC-1. Inflamm Res. 2000 Jul;49(7):355-60. [3]. Lv XX, et al. Rupatadine protects against pulmonary fibrosis by attenuating PAF-mediated senescence in rodents. PLoS One. 2013 Jul 15;8(7):e68631.

14,15-Leukotriene D4 (14,15-LTD4) is a member of an alternate class of LTs synthesized by a pathway involving the dual actions of 15- and 12-lipoxygenases (15- and 12-LOs) on arachidonic acid via 15-HpETE and 14,15-LTA4 intermediates. 14,15-LTD4 is classified as an eoxin (EXD4), because it is formed mostly by eosinophils. However, mast cells and nasal polyps can synthesize 14,15-LTD4 as well. Little is known about the physiological actions of 14,15-LTD4. It has weak contractile activity on both guinea pig ileum and pulmonary parenchyma in contrast to the effects of 5-LO-derived LTs. However, in an in vitro permeability assay, 14,15-LTD4 can increase vascular permeability of human endothelial cell monolayers, with similar potency to that of 5-LO-derived LTs, resulting in plasma leakage, a hallmark of inflammation.

Spiraeoside (Quercetin 4′-O-glucoside)是一种可从从红洋葱皮中提取的化合物，具有抗氧化活性、抗过敏、抗炎海和抗肿瘤活性，通过激活 PI3K Akt Nrf2 通路保护人心肌细胞免受高葡萄糖诱导的损伤、氧化应激和细胞凋亡，通过抑制磷脂酶 C-γ 介导的信号传导来抑制肥大细胞活化和 IgE 介导的过敏反应。

Confluentin has antimicrobial activity against the gram-positive bacteria.Confluentin significantly inhibits compound 48 80-induced histamine release from rat peritoneal mast cells. Confluentin also shows weak cytotoxicity against four human tumor cell li

Produced by neutrophils, macrophages, mast cells, and by transcellular metabolism in platelets, leukotriene C4 (LTC4) is the parent cysteinyl leukotriene formed by the LTC4 synthase-catalyzed conjugation of glutathione to LTA4. It is one of the constituents of slow-reacting substance of anaphylaxis (SRS-A) and exhibits potent smooth muscle contracting activity. LTC4, however, is rapidly metabolized to LTD4 and LTE4, which makes the characterization of LTC4 pharmacology difficult. N-methyl Leukotriene C4 (N-methyl LTC4) is a synthetic analog of LTC4 that is not readily metabolized to LTD4 and LTE4.It acts as a potent and selective CysLT2 receptor agonist exhibiting EC50 values of 122 and > 2,000 nM at the human CysLT2 and CysLT1 receptors, respectively. It has essentially the same potency as LTC4 at both the human and murine receptors CysLT2 receptors. N-methyl LTC4 is potent and active in vivo, causing vascular leak in mice overexpressing the human CysLT2 receptor but not in CysLT2 receptor knockout mice.

Bufrolin，作为Cromoglycate（组胺释放抑制剂）的类似物，是一种高效的GPR35激动剂，能够促进β-arrestin-2与人GPR35a或大鼠GPR35之间的相互作用。此外，Bufrolin亦可作为抗过敏性肥大细胞稳定剂，有效抑制内化肽诱导的抗炎反应，并且在内化肽连接药剂的药物递送研究中，被作为抗炎剂使用。

Thapsigargicin（Thapsigargicine）作为肥大细胞和白细胞的激活剂，能诱导大鼠腹膜肥大细胞及人嗜碱性粒细胞释放组胺，并提升完整人血小板中的细胞质游离钙水平。

Leukotriene C4 (14,15-LTC4) is an inflammatory mediator synthesized from arachidonic acid through the actions of 15- and 12-lipoxygenases (LOs), involving intermediates such as 15-HpETE and 14,15-LTA4. Unlike the majority of leukotrienes formed via the 5-LO pathway, 14,15-LTC4 is an eoxin predominantly produced by eosinophils, although mast cells and nasal polyps can also synthesize it. While its physiological roles are not well understood, 14,15-LTC4 exhibits limited contractile activity on guinea pig ileum and pulmonary parenchyma. However, it can increase vascular permeability in human endothelial cell monolayers in vitro with potency comparable to 5-LO-derived leukotrienes, contributing to plasma leakage characteristic of inflammation.

Rosiptor is a potent and selective SHIP1 activator. AQX-1125 inhibits Akt phosphorylation in SHIP1-proficient but not in SHIP1-deficient cells, reduces cytokine production in splenocytes, inhibits the activation of mast cells and inhibits human leukocyte

9(S),12(S),13(S)-TriHOME is a linoleic acid-derived oxylipin that has diverse biological activities.1,2,3,4It has been found in various plants and is produced in human eosinophils in a 15-lipoxygenase-dependent, soluble epoxide hydrolase-independent manner.1,59(S),12(S)13(S)-TriHOME inhibits antigen-induced β-hexosaminidase release from RBL-2H3 mast cells (IC50= 28.7 μg ml).2It inhibits LPS-induced nitric oxide (NO) production in BV-2 microglia (IC50= 40.95 μM).3In vivo, 9(S),12(S),13(S)-TriHOME (1 g animal) enhances the antiviral IgA and IgG antibody responses induced by a nasal influenza hemagglutinin (HA) vaccine by 5.2- and 2-fold, respectively, in mice.4 1.Hamberg, M., and Hamberg, G.Peroxygenase-catalyzed fatty acid epoxidation in cereal seeds: Sequential oxidation of linoleic acid into 9(S),12(S),13(S)-trihydroxy-10(E)-octadecenoic acidPlant Physiol.110(3)807-815(1996) 2.Hong, S.S., and Oh, J.S.Inhibitors of antigen-induced degranulation of RBL-2H3 cells isolated from wheat branJ. Korean Soc. Appl. Biol. Chem.5569-74(2012) 3.Kim, C.S., Kwon, O.W., Kim, S.Y., et al.Five new oxylipins from Chaenomeles sinensisLipids49(11)1151-1159(2014) 4.Shirahata, T., Sunazuka, T., Yoshida, K., et al.Total synthesis, elucidation of absolute stereochemistry, and adjuvant activity of trihydroxy fatty acidsTetrahedron62(40)9483-9496(2006) 5.Fuchs, D., Tang, X., Johnsson, A.-K., et al.Eosinophils synthesize trihydroxyoctadecenoic acids (TriHOMEs) via a 15-lipoxygenase dependent processBiochim. Biophys. Acta Mol. Cell Biol. Lipids1865(4)158611(2020)

Interleukin-2-inducible T cell kinase (ITK) is a non-receptor tyrosine kinase expressed in T cells, NKT cells and mast cells which plays a crucial role in regulating the T cell receptor (TCR), CD28, CD2, chemokine receptor CXCR4, and FcepsilonR-mediated signaling pathways. ITK inhibitors can be used for the treatment of inflammation and immune-mediated disorders. ITK inhibitor (N-[5-[[3-[(4-Acetylpiperazin-1-yl)carbonyl]-4-methyl-6-methoxy-phenyl]thio]thiazol-2-yl]-4-(N-1,2-dimethylpropylaminomethyl)benzamide) is the analogue of BMS-509744, which can potently and selectively inhibit Itk kinase activity. In vitro: BMS-509744 could reduce TCR-induced functions including PLCγ1 tyrosine phosphorylation, calcium mobilization, IL-2 secretion, and T-cell proliferation in vitro in both human and mouse cells [1]. In vivo: BMS-509744 suppressed the production of IL-2 induced by anti-TCR antibody administered to mice. BMS-509744 also significantly diminishes lung inflammation in a mouse model of ovalbumin-induced allergy/asthma [1]. Clinical trial: Up to now, both BMS-509744 and ITK inhibitor is still in the preclinical development stage.

SFNGGP-NH2是一种具有生物活性的肽。PAR-3是一种与凝血酶高亲和力结合的受体，其mRNA在人类皮肤肥大细胞中得到表达。研究指出，蛋白酶激活受体（PAR）在瘙痒反应中的作用涉及组胺依赖性及独立途径。虽然PAR-3本身不直接诱发瘙痒，却可能与PAR-4共同促发此症状。它们的共同表达可增强凝血酶的效应，这表明PAR-3单独时不进行跨膜信号传导，而是作为激活PAR-4的协同因子。

HR1是一种乳突蛋白酶，可增加人红细胞膜渗透性，并能诱导细菌细胞质膜和肥大细胞质膜透化。

NBI-42902 is a potent inhibitor of peptide radioligand binding to the human GnRH receptor (K(i) = 0.56 nm). Tritiated NBI-42902 binds with high affinity (K(d) = 0.19 nm) to a single class of binding sites and can be displaced by a range of peptide and nonpeptide GnRH receptor ligands. In vitro experiments demonstrate that NBI-42902 is a potent functional, competitive antagonist of GnRH stimulated IP accumulation, Ca(2+) flux, and ERK1 2 activation. It did not stimulate histamine release from rat peritoneal mast cells. Finally, it is effective in lowering serum LH in castrated male macaques after oral administration. Overall, these data provide a benchmark of pharmacological characteristics required for a nonpeptide GnRH antagonist to effectively suppress gonadotropins in humans and suggest that NBI-42902 may have clinical utility as an oral agent for suppression of the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis. (source: Endocrinology. 2007 Feb;148(2):857-67. Epub 2006 Nov 9.)

APC-366 is a selective inhibitor of the mast cell tryptase that inhibits tryptase-induced histamine release from human tonsil and lung cells.

8 Hydroxy PIPAT oxalate 是一种选择性5-HT1A受体激动剂，主要功能是促进肠道肥大细胞释放组胺。该化合物能激活血清素信号通路，在豚鼠和人类肠道制剂中引起肥大细胞脱颗粒现象。此外，8 Hydroxy PIPAT oxalate 可增强组胺的自发释放，这一特性有助于调节胃肠功能，并可能对理解及抑制功能性胃肠道疾病如肠易激综合征等疾病具有研究和治疗的潜在价值。

Acetylshikonin 来源于紫草根，具有抗癌、抗炎作用。它是一种 AChE 抑制剂，具有很强的抗凋亡活性。它是一种非选择性的细胞色素 P450抑制剂，对所有 P450 亚型抑制的 IC50值范围为 1.4-4.0 μM。

Picropodophyllotoxin (AXL 1717) 是一种环木脂素生物碱，存在于五月树(Podophyllum peltatum) 中，是一种具有潜在抗肿瘤活性的胰岛素样生长因子 1 受体 (IGF1R) 的小分子抑制剂。它特异性抑制 IGF1R 的活性并下调细胞表达，而不干扰其他生长因子受体的活性，例如胰岛素受体、表皮生长因子、血小板衍生生长因子、成纤维细胞生长因子和肥大 干细胞生长因子 (KIT) ）。该药剂在抑制肿瘤细胞增殖和诱导肿瘤细胞凋亡方面显示出有效的活性。 IGF1R 是一种在多种人类癌症中过度表达的受体酪氨酸激酶，在多种癌细胞的生长和存活中起关键作用。

BTL-MK (Compound 19) 是一种口服有效的抗过敏剂，通过与抑制性受体FcγRIIB结合抑制肥大细胞脱粒，IC50为6.7 μM。BTL-MK 可以改善人肝微粒体的代谢稳定性，以及Ovalbumins诱导的小鼠食物过敏反应，并且具有良好的药代动力学特征。

(+)-9'-O-trans-feruloyl-5,5'-dimethoxylariciresinol may have anti-allergic inflammatory effect, it can inhibit release of histamine from mast cells. It shows cytotoxicity against a small panel of human tumor cell lines, with ED50 values of 9.86 to approxi

Leukotrienes (LTs) are a group of acute inflammatory mediators derived from arachidonic acid in leukocytes. The majority of these metabolites are formed through the 5-lipoxygenase (5-LO) pathway. 14,15-LTE4 is a metabolite of 14,15-LTC4 and 14,15-LTD4, an alternate class of LTs synthesized by a pathway involving the dual actions of 15- and 12-LOs on arachidonic acid via 15-HpETE and 14,15-LTA4 intermediates. These metabolites are classified as eoxins because they are formed mostly by eosinophils. Mast cells and nasal polyps can synthesize 14,15-LTC4 as well, however metabolism to 14,15-LTE4 in these cells and tissue has not been documented. 14,15-LTE4 increases vascular permeability of human endothelial cell monolayers with about 10-fold less potency than LTC4, but approximately 100-fold greater potency than histamine.

11-trans Leukotriene C4 (11-trans LTC4) is a C-11 double bond isomer of LTC4. LTC4 undergoes slow temperature-dependent isomerization to 11-trans LTC4 during storage. 11-trans LTC4 is produced in smaller amounts relative to LTC4 in ionophore-stimulated HMC-1 cells (a human mast cell line) and equine eosinophils, but not in human neutrophils or RBL-1 cells. It is nearly equipotent with LTC4 for contraction of guinea pig parenchymal and ileum. In a radioligand binding assay using guinea pig ileum as a cysteinyl leukotriene receptor preparation, the pKis for LTC4 and 11-trans LTC4 were determined to be 6.42 and 6.58, respectively.