glycosphingolipid

5-hydroxy-1-tetralone 是一种荧光标记试剂，可用于生物样品中的鞘糖脂的测定。

Glucocerebrosides 是一种天然产物。

Ganglioside GD1a is a sialic acid-containing glycosphingolipid found in brain, erythrocytes, bone marrow, testis, spleen, and liver. [1] It can be shed from the surface of tumor cells into the microenvironment where it influences tumor-host cell interactions to promote tumor cell proliferation, invasion, and metastasis. Ganglioside GD1a (20 μM) also increases endothelial cell proliferation. Furthermore, ganglioside GD1a has been shown to act as a functional coreceptor for toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2), enabling the recruitment of TLR2 to lipid rafts when bound by a bacterial toxin.[2] Ganglioside GD1a mixture contains ganglioside GD1a molecular species with C18:1 and C20:1 sphingoid backbones.

Ganglioside GM2 is a glycosphingolipid component of cellular membranes, primarily the plasma membrane. Levels of ganglioside GM2 are elevated in the brain of patients with Sandhoff disease, as well as feline and mouse models of the disease. Ganglioside GM2 accumulates in the lysosomes of individuals with Tay-Sachs disease and GM2-activator deficiency, as well as in the CNS of patients with and animal models of mucopolysaccharide storage disorders and Niemann-Pick disease types A, C1, and C2. Ganglioside GM2 mixture contains ganglioside GM2 molecular species with C18:1 and C20:1 sphingoid backbones.

Cerebroside C is a fungal metabolite and glycosphingolipid that has been found in the rice pathogenic fungusM. grisea.1It induces production of the phytoalexin momilactone A when applied to wounded rice leaves, indicating that cerebroside C is an elicitor of the hypersensitive response in rice. Cerebroside C increases germination rate and reduces germination time in wheat seeds in a concentration-dependent manner at 4°C.2It also increases root length, fresh weight, and dry weight of wheat seedlings when used at a concentration of 20 μg/ml at 4°C, indicating increased chilling tolerance. 1.Koga, J., Yamuchi, T., Shimura, M., et al.Cerebrosides A and C, sphingolipid elicitors of hypersensitive cell death and phytoalexin accumulation in rice plantsJ. Biol. Chem.273(48)31985-31991(1998) 2.Li, H.-X., Xiao, Y., Cao, L.-L., et al.Cerebroside C increases tolerance to chilling injury and alters lipid composition in wheat rootsPLoS One8(9)e73380(2013)

Ganglioside GD1b is an acidic glycosphingolipid that contains two sialic acid residues linked to an inner galactose unit. It is a component of plasma membranes where it packs densely with cholesterol to form lipid microdomains that modulate both intra- and intercellular signaling events. The concentration of ganglioside GD1b in human brain increases with age, constituting 7.85% of total sialic acid in the brain of 0- to 10-year-old subjects and 20.29% in 11- to 30-year-old subjects. Ganglioside GD1b mixture contains ganglioside GD1b molecular species with C18:1 and C20:1 fatty acyl chains.

C16 Galactosylceramide is a glycosphingolipid that contains a galactose moiety attached to a ceramide acylated with palmitic acid .

Ganglioside GM2 asialo (asialo- GM2) is a glycosphingolipid containing three monosaccharide residues and a fatty acid of variable chain length but lacking the sialic acid residue present on ganglioside M2. Asialo-GM2 levels are low-to-undetectable in normal human brain, but it accumulates in the brain of patients with Tay-Sachs and Sandhoff disease, which are neurodegenerative disorders characterized by deficiency of lysosomal β-hexosaminidase A and B, respectively. It also binds to various bacteria, including Pseudomonas isolates derived from cystic fibrosis patients. Asialo-GM2 mixture contains ganglioside GM2 asialo molecular species with fatty acyl chains of variable lengths.

1,2-Dipalmitoyl-13C-sn-glycero-3-PC is intended for use as an internal standard for the quantification of 1,2-dipalmitoyl-sn-glycero-3-PC by GC- or LC-MS. 1,2-Dipalmitoyl-sn-glycero-3-PC (DPPC) is a zwitterionic glycerophospholipid commonly used in the formation of lipid monolayers, bilayers, and liposomes for use in a variety of applications.1,2,3,4 It has been used in the formation of proteoliposomes for implantation of γ-glutamyl transpeptidase into human erythrocyte membranes.3 Incorporation of glycosphingolipid antigens into DPPC-containing liposomes increases the immunogenicity of the antigens in mice.4 |1. Ege, C., and Lee, K.Y.C. Insertion of Alzheimer's Aβ40 peptide into lipid monolayers. Biophys. J. 87(3), 1732-1740 (2004).|2. Leekumjorn, S., and Sum, A.K. Molecular simulation study of structural and dynamic properties of mixed DPPC/DPPE bilayers. Biophys. J. 90(11), 3951-3965 (2006).|3. Kalra, V.K., Sikka, S.C., and Sethi, G.S. Transport of amino acids in γ-glutamyl transpeptidase-implanted human erythrocytes. J. Biol. Chem. 256(11), 5567-5571 (1981).|4. Uemura, A., Watarai, S., Iwasaki, T., et al. Induction of immune responses against glycosphingolipid antigens: Comparison of antibody responses in mice immunized with antigen associated with liposomes prepared from various phospholipids. J. Vet. Med. Sci. 67(12), 1197-1201 (2005).

L-threo-PPMP is an inhibitor of GlcT, which is the UDP-Glc: Ceramide β1,1glucosyltransferase enzyme. It effectively inhibits glycosphingolipid biosynthesis, while also inducing apoptosis. These properties of L-threo-PPMP contribute to its notable anti-cancer activity.

alpha-1,4-Galactosyltransferase (LgtC) (A4GALT) 为特异性糖基转移酶，专门将半乳糖转移到乳糖苷神经酰胺的α-1,4位，通过此作用生成三糖神经酰胺。此外，alpha-1,4-Galactosyltransferase (LgtC) 在合成P1血型抗原方面有应用价值。

Isoglobotriaose (Gala-3Galb-4Glc)是哺乳动物组织中的一种糖鞘脂，属于球状三脂糖的类似物。其神经节苷脂衍生物isoglobotriaosylceramide特定分布于小肠非上皮细胞的残基中，而globotriaosylceramide则在两种细胞隔室中都有分布。