d-d a chain

D-I03 是一种选择性的RAD52 抑制剂，Kd 为 25.8 µM。D-I03 抑制 RAD52 依赖性单链退火 (SSA) 和 D 环形成，IC50 分别为 5 µM 和 8 µM。D-I03 抑制 BRCA1 和 BRCA2 缺陷细胞的生长，并抑制顺铂诱导的 RAD52 病灶形成，但对 RAD51 无影响。

Muramyl dipeptide (MDP) 是合成的免疫反应肽，由 N-乙酰壁酸与 L-Ala-D-isoGln 的短氨基酸链相连。它通过MAPK 途径上调 Runx2 基因表达，直接促进成骨细胞分化，通过降低 RANKL OPG 比值间接抑制破骨细胞分化。它是通过Runx2诱导骨形成的诱导因子，也是NLRP1激动剂。

Raffinose (Melitriose) 是不能够消化的短链寡糖，是由半乳糖，葡萄糖和果糖组成的三糖，能够在许多植物中找到。它能够被 α-半乳糖苷酶 (α-GAL) 水解为 D-半乳糖和蔗糖。

D-γ-Glutamyl-D-glutamic acid acetate(4553-17-7 free base) 是一种聚（γ-谷氨酸），由线性链中的 D-和 D-谷氨酸重复单元簇组成。

Prolylleucine (((Benzyloxy)carbonyl)-L-prolyl-D-leucine) 是一种二肽，含有支链氨基酸，可以影响动物的昼夜节律和行为。

NHC-triphosphate triammonium is an active phosphorylated intracellular metabolite of β-d-N4-Hydroxycytidine (NHC) as a triphosphate form[1]. NHC-triphosphate triammonium is a weak alternative substrate for the viral polymerase and can be incorporated into HCV replicon RNA[1][2]. In an intracellular metabolism assay, HCV replicon cells are treated with 10 μM 3H-labeled NHC, and intracellular nucleotide levels are determined after 1, 2 and 8 hours incubations. NHC is rapidly convered into the mono-, di-, and triphosphate forms, and NHC-TP reaches up to 71.12 pM after 8 hours[1].NHC-triphosphate triammonium (NHC-TP) (5-40 μM) absence leads to full-length polymerization products, it can be a weak alternative substrate. In addition, incorporation of NHC-TP instead of CTP increases the molecular weight of the polymerization product by 16 (one extra oxygen) for each event and an obvious electrophoretic shift is observed in cell-free HCV NS5B polymerization reactions[1].Huh-7 cells are incubated with (10-50 μM; 4 h) NHC or a McGuigan phosphoramidate prodrug of NHC. Intracellular levels of the parental compounds and phosphorylated metabolites are measured using LC-MS MS. Small amounts of NHC-monophosphate (MP) and NHC-diphosphate (DP) can be observed, while NHC-triphosphate triammonium remains the most abundant metabolite[2].NHC-triphosphate triammonium (NHC-TP) metabolite may directly target the viral polymerase and behave as a nonobligate chain terminator. It plays a prominent role in inhibiting early negative-strand RNA synthesis, either through chain termination or mutagenesis, which may in turn interfere with correct replicase complex formation. [1]. Stuyver LJ,et al. Ribonucleoside analogue that blocks replication of bovine viral diarrhea and hepatitis C viruses in culture.Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2003 Jan;47(1):244-54. [2]. Maryam Ehteshami, et al. Characterization of β-d- N4-Hydroxycytidine as a Novel Inhibitor of Chikungunya Virus.

6-O-beta-D-Galactopyranosyl-D-galactose, a disaccharide, is a constituent of the polysaccharide backbone characterized by beta-(1→6) glycoside linkages, with a side chain attached to the primary chain through a beta-(1→3) bond.

D-Ribofuranose (D-Ribose) 是一种在脑脊液中发现的内源性代谢物，用于磷酸 5 核糖异构酶缺乏症和中链酰基 CoA 脱氢酶缺乏症的研究。

Brolucizumab（DLX1008）是一种具有高亲和力（KD=1.05 pM）的单链抗VEGF-A抗体片段，适用于癌症研究。

EN219 is a synthetic recruiter of the E3 ubiquitin ligase RNF114.1It binds to cysteine 8 (C8) in the intrinsically disordered region of RNF114 (RNF114-C8; IC50= 470 nM) and inhibits RNF114-induced autoubiquitination and p21 ubiquitination in a cell-free assay when used at a concentration of 50 μM. EN219 (1 μM) also interacts with cysteine residues in the tubulin β1 chain (TUBB1), heat shock protein 60 (Hsp60), also known as Hsp family D member 1 (HspD1), and histone H3.1 (HIST1H3A) in 231MFP human breast cancer cells in a proteomic profiling assay. It has been linked to the bromodomain and extra terminal domain (BET) inhibitor ligand (+)-JQ1 for use as a proteolysis-targeting chimera (PROTAC) to degrade bromodomain-containing protein 4 (BRD4) in 231MFP cells. 1.Luo, M., Spradlin, J.N., Boike, L., et al.Chemoproteomics-enabled discovery of covalent RNF114-based degraders that mimic natural product functionCell Chem. Biol.28(4)559-566(2021)

Hexazinone 是三嗪家族的广谱除草剂。 Hexazinone 通过与光系统 II 中电子传递链的 D-1 醌蛋白结合来抑制光合作用。

Palmitoyl-D-carnitine is a long-chain acylcarnitine, an isomer of palmitoyl-L-carnitine , and the D enantiomer of palmitoyl-DL-carnitine . It inhibits carnitine palmitoyltransferase with a Ki value of 2.1 mM for 14C-palmitoylcarnitine synthesis by erythrocyte membranes.

H-D-Phe-Pip-Arg-pNA (S-2238) acetate is a chromogenic substrate designed based on the N-terminal fragment of the A alpha chain of fibrinogen, which is the physiological target of thrombin. As a specific indicator of thrombin activity, H-D-Phe-Pip-Arg-pNA acetate is utilized to quantify. This assay, utilizing H-D-Phe-Pip-Arg-pNA acetate, ensures high sensitivity, accuracy, and ease of execution.

Quorum sensing is a regulatory process used by bacteria for controlling gene expression in response to increasing cell density.[1] This regulatory process manifests itself with a variety of phenotypes including biofilm formation and virulence factor production.[2] Coordinated gene expression is achieved by the production, release, and detection of small diffusible signal molecules called autoinducers. The N-acylated homoserine lactones (AHLs) comprise one such class of autoinducers, each of which generally consists of a fatty acid coupled with homoserine lactone (HSL). AHLs vary in acyl group length (C4-C18), in the substitution of C3 (hydrogen, hydroxyl, or oxo group) and in the presence or absence of one or more carbon-carbon double bonds in the fatty acid chain. These differences confer signal specificity through the affinity of transcriptional regulators of the LuxR family.[3] C16:1-Δ9-(L)-HSL is a long-chain AHL that functions as a quorum sensing signaling molecule in strains of S. meliloti.[4],[5],[6],[7] Regulating bacterial quorum sensing signaling can be used to inhibit pathogenesis and thus, represents a new approach to antimicrobial therapy in the treatment of infectious diseases.[8] Reference：[1]. González, J.E., and Keshavan, N.D. Messing with bacterial quorum sensing. Microbiol. Mol. Biol. Rev. 70(4), 859-875 (2006).[2]. Gould, T.A., Herman, J., Krank, J., et al. Specificity of acyl-homoserine lactone syntheses examined by mass spectrometry. J. Bacteriol. 188(2), 773-783 (2006).[3]. Penalver, C.G.N., Morin, D., Cantet, F., et al. Methylobacterium extorquens AM1 produces a novel type of acyl-homoserine lactone with a double unsaturated side chain under methylotrophic growth conditions. FEBS Lett. 580(2), 561-567 (2006).[4]. Teplitski, M., Eberhard, A., Gronquist, M.R., et al. Chemical identification of N-acyl homoserine lactone quorum-sensing signals produced by Sinorhizobium meliloti strains in defined medium. Archives of Microbiology 180, 494-497 (2003).[5]. Gao, M., Chen, H., Eberhard, A., et al. sinI- and expR-dependent quorum sensing in Sinorhizobium meliloti. Journal of Bacteriology 187(23), 7931-7944 (2005).[6]. Marketon, M.M., Glenn, S.A., Eberhard, A., et al. Quorum sensing controls exopolysaccharide production in Sinorhizobium meliloti. Journal of Bacteriology 185(1), 325-331 (2003).[7]. Marketon, M., Gronquist, M.R., Eberhard, A., et al. Characterization of the Sinorhizobium meliloti sinR sinI locus and the production of novel N-Acyl homoserine lactones. Journal of Bacteriology 184(20), 5686-5695 (2002).[8]. Cegelski, L., Marshall, G.R., Eldridge, G.R., et al. The biology and future prospects of antivirulence therapies. Nat. Rev. Microbiol. 6(1), 17-27 (2008).

c-Myc inhibitor5 (DA3) 是一种荧光长链桥双嘌呤，可选择性靶向 c-MYCG-四链体(KD16 μM)。c-Myc inhibitor5 显示对 c-MYC 表达的抑制作用，而不是其他 G4 驱动的癌基因。

H-D-Phe-Pip-Arg-pNA dihydrochloride (S-2238 dihydrochloride )是一种显色底物，模仿了纤维蛋白原Aα链N端片段，即凝血酶的天然底物。H-D-Phe-Pip-Arg-pNA dihydrochloride 专为凝血酶检测而设计，用于抗凝血酶-肝素辅因子(AT-III)的定量。利用该底物的AT-III检测方法以其灵敏度、准确性和实施的便捷性而特别闻名。

D-loop peptide, synthetic is an antigenic peptide. It cyclizes through a peptide bond between the side chain carboxylic group of Asp10 and the terminal amide of the peptide.

Fructo-oligosaccharide DP10 GF9 is a compound classified as a fructooligosaccharide (FOS) with a degree of polymerization (DP) of 10. FOS consists of a chain of 9 fructose units connected by (2→1)-β-glycosidic bonds, with a lone D-glucosyl unit located at the non-reducing end.

Tunicamycin 17:1 is a mixture of tunicamycin structural isomers that contain a 17-carbon N-acyl chain with variable branching patterns. The N-acyl chain incorporated into tunicamycins, like tunicamycin 17:1, is derived from the same pool of cellular branched-chain fatty acids (BCFAs) inStreptomycesand directly impacts the biological activity of each individual tunicamycin variant.1,2,3Purified tunicamycin 17:1 withisooranteisobranching configurations inhibits bacterial phospho-MurNAc-pentapeptide transferase (MraY) with IC50values of 0.12 and 0.9 μM, respectively.2 1.Price, N.P.J., Jackson, M.A., Hartman, T.M., et al.Branched chain lipid metabolism as a determinant of the N-Acyl variation of Streptomyces natural productsACS Chem. Biol.16(1)116-124(2021) 2.Hering, J., Dunevall, E., Snijder, A., et al.Exploring the active site of the antibacterial target MraY by modified tunicamycinsACS Chem Biol.15(11)2885-2895(2020) 3.Duksin, D., and Mahoney, W.C.Relationship of the structure and biological activity of the natural homologues of tunicamycinJ. Biol. Chem.257(6)3105-3109(1982)

9-β-D-Arabinofuranosyl-2-fluorohypoxanthine是一种能抑制某些酶活性的核苷类似物。可用于合成的9-β-D-Arabinofuranosyl-2-fluorohypoxanthine，通过其结构变异可引发碱基错配，进而阻止链聚合反应。

Tunicamycin 15:1 is a mixture of tunicamycin structural isomers that contain a 15-carbon N-acyl chain with variable branching patterns. The N-acyl chain incorporated into tunicamycins, like tunicamycin 15:1, is derived from the same pool of cellular branched-chain fatty acids (BCFAs) inStreptomycesand directly impacts the biological activity of each individual tunicamycin variant.1,2,3Purified tunicamycin 15:1 withiso,anteiso, or a mixture ofisoandanteisobranching configurations inhibit bacterial phospho-MurNAc-pentapeptide transferase (MraY) with IC50values of 0.05, 0.36, and 0.09 μM, respectively.2 1.Price, N.P.J., Jackson, M.A., Hartman, T.M., et al.Branched chain lipid metabolism as a determinant of the N-Acyl variation of Streptomyces natural productsACS Chem. Biol.16(1)116-124(2021) 2.Hering, J., Dunevall, E., Snijder, A., et al.Exploring the active site of the antibacterial target MraY by modified tunicamycinsACS Chem Biol.15(11)2885-2895(2020) 3.Duksin, D., and Mahoney, W.C.Relationship of the structure and biological activity of the natural homologues of tunicamycinJ. Biol. Chem.257(6)3105-3109(1982)

Phosphatidic acid is a phospholipid and an intermediate in glycerolipid biosynthesis. It is a transient intermediate in the synthesis of various phospholipid species that is synthesized de novo in cells via multiple routes, including the glycerol-3 phosphate and dihydroxyacetone phosphate pathways, enzymatic conversion of phosphatidylcholine by phospholipase D, and acetylation of lysophosphatidic acid by lysoPA-acyltransferase, among others. It has roles in shaping cellular membranes, cellular signaling, vesicle fission and fusion, as well as mitochondrial division and fusion. It stimulates respiratory burst in neutrophils independent of diacylglycerol and activates monoacylglycerol acyltransferase, phospholipase C (PLC), Ras, and phosphatidylinositol 4-phosphate (PIP4) kinase in several cell lines. Phosphatidic acids (egg) is a mixture of phosphatidic acids isolated from chicken egg with fatty acids of variable chain lengths.

Ribavirin-13C5is intended for use as an internal standard for the quantification of ribavirin by GC- or LC-MS. Ribavirin is an antiviral guanosine nucleoside analog.1,2Upon entry into cells, ribavirin is metabolized to an active triphosphate form that induces viral RNA chain termination and inhibits viral polymerases. It reduces replication in a panel of seven RNA and four DNA viruses in Vero cells (EC50s = 2-95 μg/ml).3Ribavirin also reduces replication of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) in Vero cells (EC50= 109.5 μM).4Aerosol administration of ribavirin (30 mg/kg) reduces mortality in a mouse model of influenza A infection.5Formulations containing ribavirin have been used in the treatment of respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), hepatitis C virus (HCV), and viral hemorrhagic fevers. 1.Gilbert, B.E., and Knight, V.Biochemistry and clinical applications of ribavirinAntimicrob. Agents Chemother.30(2)201-205(1986) 2.Gordon, C.J., Tchesnokov, E.P., Woolner, E., et al.Remdesivir is a direct-acting antiviral that inhibits RNA-dependent RNA polymerase from severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 with high potencyJ. Biol. Chem.295(20)6785-6797(2020) 3.Kirsi, J.J., North, J.A., McKernan, P.A., et al.Broad-spectrum antiviral activity of 2-β-D-ribofuranosylselenazole-4-carboxamide, a new antiviral agentAntimicrob. Agents Chemother.24(3)353-361(1983) 4.Wang, M., Cao, R., Zhang, L., et al.Remdesivir and chloroquine effectively inhibit the recently emerged novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV) in vitroCell Res.30(3)269-271(2020) 5.Wilson, S.Z., Knight, V., Wyde, P.R., et al.Amantadine and ribavirin aerosol treatment of influenza A and B infection in miceAntimicrob. Agents Chemother.17(4)642-648(1980)

Tetrahydroechinocandin B is a cyclic hexapeptide containing a fatty acyl side chain. It also inhibits 1,3-beta-D-glucan synthesis.