cortical cell

5,7-Dichlorokynurenic acid (5,7-dichlorokynurenic acid sodium) 是一种专门针对于NMDA 受体甘氨酸位点的竞争性拮抗剂(KB:65 nM)。它是犬尿酸的衍生物，可降低大鼠皮质细胞培养物中 NMDA 诱导的神经元损伤程度。

Boscalid 是一种广谱羧酰胺类杀菌剂，通过与线粒体复合物 II 琥珀酸脱氢酶的泛醌位点结合来抑制真菌呼吸。

Pifithrin-α, p-Nitro, Cyclic (PFN-α) 是 p53 的细胞渗透性和活性形式抑制剂。它对暴露于 Etoposide 的皮层神经元的保护作用比 Pifithrin-α 强一个数量级，ED50为30 nM。它也作为 p53 转录后的活性抑制剂。

RC574 is an inhibitor of ferroptosis and a derivative of the antioxidant and hypocholesterolemic agent probucol .1It inhibits glutamate-induced cell death in HT22 cells (IC50= 276.2 nM) and mouse primary cortical neurons when used at a concentration of 3 μM. RC574 (3 μM) increases glutathione peroxidase 1 (GPX1) levels and GPX activity, as well as inhibits glutamate-induced mitochondrial superoxide anion production, in HT22 cells. It completely inhibits ferroptosis induced by the GPX4 inhibitor RSL3 in HT22 cells when used at concentrations ranging from 62.5 to 1,000 nM. 1.Bueno, D.C., Canto, R.F.S., de Souza, V., et al.New probucol analogues inhibit ferroptosis, improve mitochondrial parameters, and induce glutathione peroxidase in HT22 cellsMol. Neurobiol.57(8)3273-3290(2020)

KUS121 is a valosin-containing protein (VCP) modulator that inhibits VCP ATPase activity (IC50= 330 nM).1It inhibits cell death, ATP depletion, and upregulation of C/EBP-homologous protein (CHOP) induced by tunicamycin, an inducer of ER stress, in HeLa cells when used at concentrations of 20, 50, and 50 μM, respectively. KUS121 (100 μM) inhibits ATP depletion and cell death induced by oxygen-glucose deprivation (OGD) in rat primary cortical neurons in anin vitromodel of cerebral ischemia.2It reduces infarction volume and increases the latency to fall in an accelerating rotarod test in a mouse model of focal cerebral ischemia induced by transient distal middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) when administered at a dose of 100 mg/kg immediately following occlusion and again at 50 mg/kg following reperfusion. KUS121 (50 mg/kg) inhibits thinning of the retinal outer nuclear layer and preserves visual function in an rd10 mouse model of retinitis pigmentosa.1 1.Ikeda, H.O., Sasaoka, N., Koike, M., et al.Novel VCP modulators mitigate major pathologies of rd10, a mouse model of retinitis pigmentosaSci. Rep.45970(2014) 2.Kinoshita, H., Maki, T., Yasuda, K., et al.KUS121, a valosin-containing protein modulator, attenuates ischemic stroke via preventing ATP depletionSci. Rep.9(1)11519(2019)

Rasagiline-13C3is intended for use as an internal standard for the quantification of rasagiline by GC- or LC-MS. Rasagiline is an inhibitor of monoamine oxidase B (MAO-B; IC50= 4.43 nM for the rat brain enzyme).1It is selective for MAO-B over MAO-A (IC50= 412 nM for the rat brain enzyme). It inhibits serum and NGF withdrawal-induced apoptosis of PC12 cells when used at concentrations ranging from 0.01 to 100 μM.2Rasagiline inhibits rat brain MAO-Bin vivo(ED50= 0.1 mg kg).1It reduces cerebral edema in a mouse model of traumatic brain injury.2Rasagiline (0.1 mg kg) reduces cortical and hippocampal levels of full-length and soluble amyloid precursor protein (APP) in rats and mice. It also reduces α-synuclein-induced substantia nigral neuron loss and improves motor dysfunction in a mouse model of Parkinson's disease.3Formulations containing rasagiline have been used in the treatment of Parkinson's disease. 1.Youdim, M.B.H., Gross, A., and Finberg, J.P.Rasagiline [N-propargyl-1R(+)-aminoindan], a selective and potent inhibitor of mitochondrial monoamine oxidase BBrit. J. Pharmacol.132(2)500-506(2001) 2.Youdim, M.B.H., and Weinstock, M.Molecular basis of neuroprotective activities of rasagiline and the anti-Alzheimer drug TV3326 [(N-propargyl-(3R) aminoindan-5-YL)-ethyl methyl carbamate]Cell. Mol. Neurobiol.21(6)555-573(2001) 3.Kang, S.S., Ahn, E.H., Zhang, Z., et al.α-Synuclein stimulation of monoamine oxidase-B and legumain protease mediates the pathology of Parkinson's diseaseEMBO J.37(12)e98878(2018)

Cyclo(L-Phe-L-Val) is a metabolite of the sponge bacterium Pseudoalteromonas sp. NJ6-3-1 that can autoinduce production of antibacterial substances active against S. aureus when co-cultured at a low cell density. It induces neurite outgrowth and branching of chick cortical neurons in vitro when used at concentrations of 16 and 32 μM. It increases phosphorylation of the PI3K substrate Akt, and neurite outgrowth induced by cyclo(L-Phe-L-Val) can be blocked by the PI3K inhibitor LY294002 . Cyclo(L-Phe-L-Val) enhances axon sprouting of calcitonin gene-related protein positive (CGRP+) primary afferents in the spinal cord following crush injury and of serotonin neurons in uninjured spinal cord. Cyclo(L-Phe-L-Val) is also a bitter taste component of cocoa and roasted coffee.

Y27632 is a selective ROCK inhibitor, which inhibits ET-1-induced increases in natriuretic peptide production, cell size, protein synthesis, and myofibrillar organization. Y27632 prevents dimethylnitrosamine-induced hepatic fibrosis in rats, increases apoptosis and disrupts the actin cortical mat in embryonic avian corneal epithelium, affects initial heart myofibrillogenesis in cultured chick blastoderm, promotes the proliferation and cell cycle progression of cultured astrocyte from spinal cord.

Hydroxy-2-[2-(2-hydroxyphenyl)ethyl]chromone 是一种神经保护剂，对谷氨酸诱导的大鼠皮质细胞原代培养显示显著的神经保护效果。

Trofinetide是一种衍生自具有神经保护作用的三肽Gly-Pro-Glu的化合物，后者是胰岛素样生长因子-1（IGF-1）的N-端序列。在10 nM的浓度下使用时，它能减少由蛋白磷酸酶抑制剂奥卡达酸在原代大鼠胚胎纹状体神经元中引起的细胞死亡。Trofinetide在一种由穿透性弹道样脑损伤引起的大鼠神经炎症模型中减少了编码IL-1β、TNF-α、IL-6和E-selectin的mRNA的脑表达。在通过中脑动脉闭塞（MCAO）引起的大鼠脑损伤模型中，以30和60 mg kg的剂量给药时，它减少了皮层和纹状体梗塞区域。Trofinetide（每天100 mg kg）减少了树突棘的数量，并逆转了在fmr1- -敲除小鼠脆性X综合征模型中的社交识别和情景恐惧条件反射的缺陷，同时也减少了睾丸重量的增加。含有Trofinetide的制剂已被用于治疗Rett综合征。

Dasycarpol(9beta-Hydroxyfraxinellone) shows significant neuroprotective activity against glutamate-induced neurotoxicity in primary cultures of rat cortical cells at a concentration of 0.1 microM. Dasycarpol also shows moderate inhibitory activity on lung