cereals

5-Heneicosylresorcinol 对 RBL-2H3 细胞中 β-己糖胺酶的释放具有抑制作用，它还可以防止 3T3-L1 细胞中甘油三酯的积累。它对红线虫、秀丽隐杆线虫和松材线虫具有杀线虫活性，ED50 值分别为 80、30 和 180 ug mL。

Indole-3-methanamine 已在大麦、谷物和谷物产品中检测到，但未量化。

Mesosulfuron-methyl (Mesosulfuronmethyl Mesosulfuron methyl) 是一种内吸性除草剂。用于谷类中禾本科杂草的出苗后防治。

Mesoxalate sodium (monohydrate) 是内源性代谢产物的一种。

2-Benzoxazolinone (2-Hydroxybenzoxazole) 存在于黑麦幼苗中，是一种抗利什曼原虫试剂，抗 L. donovani 的 LC50为40 μg mL。它的衍生物具有抗微生物活性，可针对一系列的革兰氏阳性和阴性细菌。

Indole-3-carboxaldehyde (3-Formylindole) 是由黄化豌豆幼苗的粗酶制剂氧化降解IAA 的产物，是一种卷心菜提取物。它可用于制备吲哚类植物抗毒素环芸香素类似物。

15-Acetyl-deoxynivalenol is a highly toxic trichothecene found in cereals and exhibits toxicity to HepG2 cells.

Imazamethabenz is a herbicide. Imazamethabenz-methyl is used on cereals and sunflowers, especially against wild oat. Activity and selectivity are due to differential de-esterification to the active parent acid in target and crop species.

Prosulfocarb, a thiocarbamate herbicide, is widely used in winter cereals.

13C15-Nivalenol is intended for use as an internal standard for the quantification of nivalenol by GC- or LC-MS. Nivalenol is a trichothecene mycotoxin that has been found inFusarium.1It is lethal to mice (LD50= 6.9 mg kg).2Nivalenol (5, 10, and 15 mg kg) also induces thymic, splenic, and Peyer's patch cell apoptosis in mice.3 1.Yang, Z., Concannon, J., Ng, K.S., et al.Tetrandrine identified in a small molecule screen to activate mesenchymal stem cells for enhanced immunomodulationSci. Rep.630263(2016) 2.Yoshizawa, T., and Morooka, N.Studies on the toxic substances in the infected cereals (part 3): Acute toxicities of new trichothecene mycotoxins: Deoxynivalenol and its monoacetateJ. Food Hyg.15(4)261-269(1974) 3.Poapolathep, A., Ohtsuka, R., Kiatipattanasakul, W., et al.Nivalenol-induced apoptosis in thymus, spleen and Peyer's patches of miceExp. Toxicol. Pathol.53(6)441-446(2002)

HT-2 toxin-13C22is intended for use as an internal standard for the quantification of HT-2 toxin by GC- or LC-MS. HT-2 toxin is a type A trichothecene mycotoxin and an active, deacetylated metabolite of the trichothecene mycotoxin T-2 toxin .1,2Like T-2 toxin, HT-2 toxin inhibits protein synthesis and cell proliferation in plants.2HT-2 toxin also reduces viability of HepG2, A549, HEp-2, Caco-2, A-204, U937, Jurkat, and RPMI-8226 cancer cells with IC50values ranging from 3.1 to 23 ng ml and human umbilical vein endothelial cells with an IC50value of 56.4 ng ml.1It induces oxidative stress, DNA damage, and autophagy in, as well as halts the development of, cultured mouse embryos when used at a concentration of 10 nM.3HT-2 toxin has been found in cereal grains and food products.4,5 1.Nielsen, C., Casteel, M., Didier, A., et al.Trichothecene-induced cytotoxicity on human cell linesMycotoxin Res.25(2)77-84(2009) 2.Nathanail, A.V., Varga, E., Meng-Reiterer, J., et al.Metabolism of the fusarium mycotoxins T-2 toxin and HT-2 toxin in wheatJ. Agric. Food Chem.63(35)7862-7872(2015) 3.Zhang, L., Li, L., Xu, J., et al.HT-2 toxin exposure induces mitochondria dysfunction and DNA damage during mouse early embryo developmentReprod. Toxicol.85104-109(2019) 4.Langseth, W., and Rundberget, T.The occurrence of HT-2 toxin and other trichothecenes in Norwegian cerealsMycopathologia147(3)157-165(1999) 5.Al-Taher, F., Cappozzo, J., Zweigenbaum, J., et al.Detection and quantitation of mycotoxins in infant cereals in the U.S. market by LC-MS MS using a stable isotope dilution assayFood Control72(Part A)27-35(2017)

Clodinafop-propargyl, a prominent member of aryloxyphenoxy-propionate herbicides, is employed for postemergence management of annual grasses in cereals, such as Avena, Lolium, Setaria, Phalaris, and Alopecurus spp.

Imidacloprid-urea 是吡虫啉的次级代谢产物。吡虫啉是一种有效且广泛使用的新烟碱类化合物，对谷物，蔬菜，茶叶和棉花的害虫具有抑制作用。Imidacloprid-urea 可以占据或阻断吡虫啉在土壤上的吸附位点，从而可能影响吡虫啉在环境中的去向、转运和生物利用度。

γ-Hexalactone (γ-caprolactone) 是一种存在成熟水果中的 gamma 内酯。它会导致 DNA 损伤，可用作对氧磷酶 1 的底物 (PON1)。

Aflatoxin G1是一种由黄曲霉（Aspergillus flavus）和寄生曲霉（Aspergillus parasiticus）产生的霉菌毒素，具有肝毒性、致畸性、免疫抑制性和致癌性,主要存在于受污染的谷物中。黄曲霉毒素 G1可抑制RNA聚合酶活性，影响RNA和蛋白质合成，并对肝脏和肾脏造成损伤.

(±)-Enterodiol，Enterodiol的外消旋体，由人体肠道细菌从全麦谷物、坚果、豆类、亚麻籽及蔬菜中的木脂素转化而来。此化合物对结直肠癌(CRC)细胞显示出凋亡作用，表现出抗癌活性。

Ergotaminine属于麦角生物碱，是由麦角菌（Claviceps purpurea）等真菌在谷物和草类生长过程中产生的。