bilayer

1,2-Dimyristoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (DMPC) 是一种用于脂质体和脂质双层的合成磷脂。它可用于脂质单层和双层的研究。

1-Palmitoyl-2-oleoyl-sn-glycero-3-PC (Palmitoyloleoylphosphatidylcholine) 是生物膜的主要成分，是一种磷脂。它用于脂质体的制备以及脂质双层的特性的研究。

Surfactin 是一种有效的环状脂肽生物表面活性剂，可介导单价和二价阳离子（如钙）穿过脂质双层膜的通量，具有抗菌、抗真菌、抗支原体和溶血作用。

(-)-Epicatechin gallate ((-)-Epicatechin 3-O-gallate) 抑制环加氧酶-1 的IC50值为 7.5 μM。

1,2-Distearoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphorylethanolamine (1,2-DSPE) 是一种磷脂酸乙醇胺 (PE) ，能够用于合成脂质体。

Sodium taurodeoxycholate hydrate (Taurodeoxycholic acid sodium salt monohydrate) 已用于一项研究，以评估亚胶束浓度的胆汁盐对脂质双层膜的影响。

Bragsin2 (6-methoxy-5-nitro-2-(trifluoromethyl)chromen-4-one) 是非竞争性的核苷酸交换因子 BRAG2选择性抑制剂，其 IC50值为 3 μM。它能够结合到 BRAG2 的 PH 结构域和磷脂双分子层的界面处，使 BRAG2 无法激活磷脂化的 Arf GTPase。它能够影响乳腺癌干细胞。

4'-Methoxyflavonol（3-羟基-4'-甲氧基黄酮）是一种合成的黄酮醇，比4'-Methoxyflavone多出一个3-羟基基团并且抗氧化能力更强。与DPPC模型膜脂质双分子层相互作用，在DPPH实验中能够清除自由基和抗氧化，对 K562 和 MCF-7 癌细胞系具有一定的抗增殖活性。

DOCP (2-((2,3-Bis(oleoyloxy)propyl)dimethylammonio)ethyl hydrogen phosphate) 的结构表明，其电荷分布与传统的磷酸胆碱 (PC) 脂质正好相反。这种独特的构造由季胺位于双层界面和磷酸基团突出至水环境的布局构成。iPC 脂质因其反向电荷的特性，为研究双层表面电荷反转及其对生物物理性质和生物活性的影响提供了理想的平台。

Boc-Pro-OMe (Boc-L-proline methyl ester) 作为一种脂质类化合物，在脂质体制备中发挥重要作用。脂质体，这种含有同心磷脂双层膜囊泡的结构，是构建抗癌及抗感染药物递送系统的关键组成。此化合物使得高极性的水溶性荷载能在脂质体的内部水性空间中得到有效捕获，同时亲脂性荷载则可以被嵌入到脂质双层中，成为双层结构的一部分。它尤其在反义寡核苷酸的递送中显示出优势，有效解决了细胞内摄取效率低和体内快速流失的问题。

(2S)-3-Keto sphinganine (d6:0) ((2S)-3-Keto-C6-dihydrosphingosine) hydrochloride 作为一种重要的脂质类化合物，主要用于构建脂质体。脂质体是由同心磷脂双层膜构成的囊泡结构，广泛应用于抗癌和抗感染药物的递送系统。该化合物能够实现高极性水溶性载荷在脂质体内部水性空间的有效捕获，同时亲脂性载荷可以整合进磷脂双层。此外，它特别适用于反义寡核苷酸的递送，有效解决了细胞内摄取效率低和体内快速流失的问题。

1-Stearoyl-2-docosahexaenoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine（18:0-22:6 PE）是一种用于构建脂质体的关键脂质成分。脂质体以其同心磷脂双层膜结构主要用于抗癌和抗感染的药物递送系统中。该化合物能够在其水性内部空间包裹高极性水溶性药物，同时将亲脂药物整合入脂质双层。它尤其适用于递送反义寡核苷酸，有效解决细胞内吸收不足和药物体内迅速丢失的问题。

NH2-GG-DSPE 是应用于脂质体制备的脂质类化合物。脂质体主要由同心磷脂双层膜囊泡构成，它们在抗癌和抗感染领域的药物递送系统中具有重要作用。此化合物能有效捕获高极性的水溶性载荷于其内部水相空间，同时，亲脂性载荷则可整合入脂质双层，成为双层结构的一部分。NH2-GG-DSPE 特别适用于反义寡核苷酸的递送，解决了细胞摄取效率低和体内快速流失的问题。

1,2-Dilinoleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phospho-L-serine sodium 主要用作构建脂质体的脂质类化合物，是制备以同心磷脂双层膜囊泡为基础的药物递送系统的关键成分。该系统在抗癌和抗感染治疗中具有重要应用，能有效载运高极性的水溶性药物到脂质体的内部水相空间，同时也允许亲脂性药物整合进脂质双层。此外，1,2-Dilinoleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phospho-L-serine sodium 在递送反义寡核苷酸方面显示出优势，解决了低效的细胞摄取和快速体内流失的问题。

Deethylindanomycin is a polyether antibiotic that has been found in S. setonii. It is active against a variety of Gram-positive bacteria, including various strains of S. aureus and Streptococcus, as well as one strain of S. pneumoniae (MICs = 4, 4, and 2 μg ml, respectively). It is also active against coccidia in vitro, inhibiting E. tenella development, but is inactive against E. tenella infection in chicks when administered at a dose of 200 μg g in the diet. Deethylindanomycin acts as an ionophore in lipid bilayer membranes and is more selective for potassium ions than calcium, magnesium, and sodium ions. It induces histamine release from rodent mast cells and human basophils in vitro in a calcium-dependent manner.

Palmitic acid-13C is intended for use as an internal standard for the quantification of palmitic acid by GC- or LC-MS. Palmitic acid is a 16-carbon saturated fatty acid. It comprises approximately 25% of human total plasma lipids.1 It increases protein levels of COX-2 in RAW 264.7 cells when used at a concentration of 75 μM.2 Palmitic acid is involved in the acylation of proteins to anchor membrane-bound proteins to the lipid bilayer.2,3,4,5,6 |1. Santos, M.J., López-Jurado, M., Llopis, J., et al. Influence of dietary supplementation with fish oil on plasma fatty acid composition in coronary heart disease patients. Ann. Nutr. Metab. 39(1), 52-62 (1995).|2. Lee, J.Y., Sohn, K.H., Rhee, S.H., et al. Saturated fatty acids, but not unsaturated fatty acids, induced the expression of cyclooxygenase-2 mediated through toll-like receptor 4. J. Biol. Chem. 276(20), 16683-16689 (2001).|3. Dietzen, D.J., Hastings, W.R., and Lublin, D.M. Caveolin is palmitoylated on multiple cysteine residues. Palmitoylation is not necessary for localization of caveolin to caveolae. J. Biol. Chem. 270(12), 6838-6842 (1995).|4. Robinson, L.J., and Michel, T. Mutagenesis of palmitoylation sites in endothelial nitric oxide synthase identifies a novel motif for dual acylation and subcellular targeting. Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. USA 92(25), 11776-11780 (1995).|5. Topinka, J.R., and Bredt, D.S. N-terminal palmitoylation of PSD-95 regulates association with cell membranes and interaction with K+ channel Kv1.4. Neuron 20(1), 125-134 (1998).|6. Miggin, S.M., Lawler, O.A., and Kinsella, B.T. Palmitoylation of the human prostacyclin receptor. Functional implications of palmitoylation and isoprenylation. J. Biol. Chem. 278(9), 6947-6958 (2003).

Palmitic acid-13C (C1, C2, C3, and C4 labeled) is intended for use as an internal standard for the quantification of palmitic acid by GC- or LC-MS. Palmitic acid is a common 16-carbon saturated fat that represents 10-20% of human dietary fat intake and comprises approximately 25 and 65% of human total plasma lipids and saturated fatty acids, respectively.1,2Acylation of palmitic acid to proteins facilitates anchoring of membrane-bound proteins to the lipid bilayer and trafficking of intracellular proteins, promotes protein-vesicle interactions, and regulates various G protein-coupled receptor functions.1Red blood cell palmitic acid levels are increased in patients with metabolic syndrome compared to patients without metabolic syndrome and are also increased in the plasma of patients with type 2 diabetes compared to individuals without diabetes.3,4 1.Fatima, S., Hu, X., Gong, R.-H., et al.Palmitic acid is an intracellular signaling molecule involved in disease developmentCell. Mol. Life Sci.76(13)2547-2557(2019) 2.Santos, M.J., López-Jurado, M., Llopis, J., et al.Influence of dietary supplementation with fish oil on plasma fatty acid composition in coronary heart disease patientsAnn. Nutr. Metab.39(1)52-62(1995) 3.Yi, L.-Z., He, J., Liang, Y.-Z., et al.Plasma fatty acid metabolic profiling and biomarkers of type 2 diabetes mellitus based on GC/MS and PLS-LDAFEBS Lett.580(30)6837-6845(2006) 4.Kabagambe, E.K., Tsai, M.Y., Hopkins, P.N., et al.Erythrocyte fatty acid composition and the metabolic syndrome: A National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute GOLDN studyClin. Chem.54(1)154-162(2008)

Palmitic acid-13C is intended for use as an internal standard for the quantification of palmitic acid by GC- or LC-MS. Palmitic acid-13C contains 13C at the C2 position and has been used in the study of free fatty acid incorporation into phospholipid fatty acids in soil microbes.1 Palmitic acid is a 16-carbon saturated fatty acid. It comprises approximately 25% of human total plasma lipids.2 It increases protein levels of COX-2 in RAW 264.7 cells when used at a concentration of 75 μM.3 Palmitic acid is involved in the acylation of proteins to anchor membrane-bound proteins to the lipid bilayer.3,4,5,6,7

C16 Sphingomyelin (d18:1 16:0) (N-Palmitoyl-D-sphingomyelin) 是磷脂双层膜的磷脂类化合物，可用于研究生物膜的活性。

DEPMPO is a nitrone that is used to spin trap reactive O-, N-, S-, and C-centered radicals and allow their characterization when used in association with electron spin resonance. It is noted for the stability of adducts formed. DEPMPO can be used in vitro or in vivo, as it crosses lipid bilayer membranes and is a good trapping agent in biological systems. DEPMPO-biotin is a biotinylated form of DEPMPO which retains the outstanding persistency of its adducts. The biotin moiety offers an effective means for monitoring biodistribution in cells, tissues, and organs when used with an avidin-conjugated reporter. Importantly, DEPMPO-biotin binds free radicals, such as S-nitroso groups, on proteins, producing adducts that can be analyzed via the biotin tag. This direct labeling of S-nitrosothiols (SNO) thus serves as an effective alternative to the more cumbersome biotin-switch method for monitoring SNO formation.

Dimethyldioctadecylammonium (DDA) is a cationic amphipathic lipid. DDA liposomes containing an Ag85B-ESAT-6 antigen induce antigen deposition at an intramuscular or subcutaneous injection site in mice, increasing immune cell exposure to the antigen. In a guinea pig model of M. tuberculosis infection, spleen bacterial load is reduced and lung and spleen lesion numbers are decreased when the mycobacterial lipid antigens Ac2SGL and PIM2 are administered in liposomes comprised of DDA and a synthetic analog of the mycobacterial cord factor trehalose 6,6-dibehenate (TDB). DDA has also been used in the study of lipid bilayer dynamics.

Tetranactin is a macrotetrolide and a monovalent cation ionophore that has been found in S. aureus and has antibacterial, insecticidal, and mitogenic activities. It exhibits an equilibrium permeability ratio 1,000-fold greater for lithium than sodium or cesium ions accross bilayer membranes at low voltages. Tetranactin inhibits the growth of Gram-positive bacteria and C. miyabeanus and R. solani fungi when used at concentrations less than 0.9 μg/ml. Tetranactin (0.5-1.5 μg per insect) dose-dependently increases the mortality of adult C. chinensis weevils up to 100% and has mitogenic activity against T. telarius when sprayed onto plants with an LC50 value of 9.2 μg/ml. It reduces IL-1β- and cAMP-induced secretion of phospholipase A2 (PLA2) from rat mesangial cells (IC50s = 43 and 33 nM, respectively). Tetranactin (50 ng/ml) suppresses the proliferation of human T lymphocytes induced by allogeneic cells and IL-2 and supresses the generation of cytotoxic T lymphocytes in mixed lymphocyte cultures. In vivo, tetranactin (10 mg/animal per day) completely inhibits the formation of experimental autoimmune uveoretinitis (EAU) in rats.

nTZDpa 是一种抗生素，具有抗菌活性。nTZDpa 通过破坏脂质双层有效对抗生长和持续生长的金黄色葡萄球菌。nTZDpa 是一种 PPARG 部分激动剂。

(2R)-3-(((2-Aminoethoxy)(hydroxy)phosphoryl)oxy)propane-1,2-diyl ditetradecanoate (DMPE) 是内源性代谢产物的一种。