autophagy-in-c-1

Autophagy-IN-C1是一种含有尿素的金鸡纳生物碱衍生物。Autophagy-IN-C1 不仅诱导肝细胞癌（HCC）细胞凋亡，而且阻断自噬。

HT-2 toxin-13C22is intended for use as an internal standard for the quantification of HT-2 toxin by GC- or LC-MS. HT-2 toxin is a type A trichothecene mycotoxin and an active, deacetylated metabolite of the trichothecene mycotoxin T-2 toxin .1,2Like T-2 toxin, HT-2 toxin inhibits protein synthesis and cell proliferation in plants.2HT-2 toxin also reduces viability of HepG2, A549, HEp-2, Caco-2, A-204, U937, Jurkat, and RPMI-8226 cancer cells with IC50values ranging from 3.1 to 23 ng ml and human umbilical vein endothelial cells with an IC50value of 56.4 ng ml.1It induces oxidative stress, DNA damage, and autophagy in, as well as halts the development of, cultured mouse embryos when used at a concentration of 10 nM.3HT-2 toxin has been found in cereal grains and food products.4,5 1.Nielsen, C., Casteel, M., Didier, A., et al.Trichothecene-induced cytotoxicity on human cell linesMycotoxin Res.25(2)77-84(2009) 2.Nathanail, A.V., Varga, E., Meng-Reiterer, J., et al.Metabolism of the fusarium mycotoxins T-2 toxin and HT-2 toxin in wheatJ. Agric. Food Chem.63(35)7862-7872(2015) 3.Zhang, L., Li, L., Xu, J., et al.HT-2 toxin exposure induces mitochondria dysfunction and DNA damage during mouse early embryo developmentReprod. Toxicol.85104-109(2019) 4.Langseth, W., and Rundberget, T.The occurrence of HT-2 toxin and other trichothecenes in Norwegian cerealsMycopathologia147(3)157-165(1999) 5.Al-Taher, F., Cappozzo, J., Zweigenbaum, J., et al.Detection and quantitation of mycotoxins in infant cereals in the U.S. market by LC-MS MS using a stable isotope dilution assayFood Control72(Part A)27-35(2017)

Telaglenastat (CB-839) hydrochloride is a first-in-class, reversible, and orally active inhibitor of glutaminase 1 (GLS1). It selectively inhibits the splice variants of GLS1, specifically KGA (kidney-type glutaminase) and GAC (glutaminase C), as compared to GLS2. Telaglenastat hydrochloride has an IC50 of 23 nM for endogenous glutaminase in mouse kidney and 28 nM in the brain. In addition, it induces autophagy and exhibits antitumor activity.

ABO acts as an annexin A7 modulator, specifically binding to Thr286 to inhibit its phosphorylation on threonine (not on serine or tyrosine) residues within human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs). This compound furthers the annexin A7 interaction with the EF-hand protein GCA, leading to reduced GCA phosphorylation, lowered intracellular calcium levels, and enhanced autophagy in COS-7 cells. Moreover, ABO lessens phosphorylation of the microtubule-associated protein 1 light chain (LC3) in HUVECs and impedes the upregulation of phosphatidylcholine-specific phospholipase C (PC-PLC) due to oxidized low-density lipoprotein in vascular endothelial cells (VECs). In animal models, specifically apoE-/- mice on a Western diet, administration of ABO (50 or 100 mg/kg per day) has been shown to decrease PC-PLC expression, promote autophagy, and reduce apoptosis, lipid accumulation, and the extent of atherosclerotic plaques in the aortic endothelium.

D-CopA3 是 MDM2 的抑制剂并激活 p53 信号通路。在结直肠癌细胞系 HCT-116、LoVo 和 RKO 中，D-CopA3 显示出细胞毒性（IC50=15-18 μM），并诱导 JNK Beclin-1 介导的自噬 (autophagy)。此外，它下调细胞周期抑制蛋白 p21Cip1 Waf1 的表达，增强粘膜屏障功能，减少炎症介质的渗透。D-CopA3 在小鼠 C. difficile 毒素 A 诱发的急性肠炎模型和 DSS 诱发的慢性结肠炎模型中展现抗炎活性，且在小鼠 HCT-116 异种移植模型中具有抗肿瘤作用。