GSK2245035 is a highly selective intranasal TLR7 agonist with preferential Type-1 interferon (IFN)-stimulating properties (pEC50s: 9.3 and 6.5 for IFNα and TFNα). It effectively suppresses allergen-induced Th2 cytokine production in human peripheral blood
(±)12(13)-DiHOME is the diol form of (±)12(13)-EpOME , a cytochrome P450-derived epoxide of linoleic acid also known as isoleukotoxin. [1] It is formed from 12(13)-EpOME by soluble epoxide hydrolase (sEH) in neutrophils. [2] 12(13)-DiHOME is toxic to Sf21 cells expressing sEH and to lacZ-expressing control cells, unlike isoleukotoxin, which is only toxic to cells containing sEH.[1] [2] Levels of 12(13)-DiHOME are increased in rat spinal cord following burn injury, and it enhances cold tolerance, increases fatty acid uptake into brown adipocytes, and decreases serum triglyceride levels in mice. Levels are also elevated in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) in humans following exposure to biodiesel exhaust and in exhaled breath condensate in patients with allergic asthma following allergen exposure.[5] [6] Plasma levels of 12(13)-DiHOME are increased immediately following moderate-intensity exercise in mice and humans, an effect that can be prevented by brown adipose tissue removal in the mouse.[7]
Olcorolimus inhibits single allergen-induced allergic inflammation such as eosinophilic and lymphocytic infiltration and mRNA expression for interleukin (IL)-4 and IL-5
3-Bromotyrosine, a product of protein oxidation, is generated after eosinophil activation during allergic responses. It serves as a biomarker for eosinophil peroxidase-induced protein oxidation both in vitro and in vivo. Beyond its association with eosinophils, 3-bromotyrosine levels are significantly elevated in peritoneal exudate from K. pneumoniae-infected mice, indicating a fivefold increase compared to uninfected controls, which implies that neutrophils may release increased levels of oxidized products during inflammation. Furthermore, in humans, allergen-challenged lung samples from patients with allergen-induced asthma show a tenfold increase in 3-bromotyrosine, highlighting its potential as a marker for oxidative stress in allergic conditions.