3 hydroxy palmitic acid

3-Hydroxy Palmitic Acid是一种含有16个碳原子的饱和脂肪酸，其3位上带有羟基。其主要功能是作为内毒素（脂质A）的生物标志物，以及细菌中的群体感应信号分子。此外，在某些线粒体代谢缺陷情况下，该物质会积累并导致毒性。

3-hydroxy Palmitic acid methyl ester (3-hydroxy PAME) is an esterized long-chain fatty acid involved in quorum sensing in R. solanacearum, a bacteria that causes lethal wilting in plants. 3-hydroxy-PAME (175 nM) increases levels of PhcA-regulated virulence factors, greater than 20-, 30-, and 25-fold for EPS I, EGL, and PME, respectively, in the AW1-83 strain of R. solanacearum.

1-Palmitoyl-2-10-pahsa-3-oleoyl-sn-glycerol (16:0-10-Pahsa-18:1-TG) 是一种三酰甘油，含有 Palmitic acid、羟基脂肪酸 (FAHFA) 10-PAHSA 和 Oleic acid 的脂肪酸酯。

Branched fatty acid esters of hydroxy fatty acids (FAHFAs) are newly identified endogenous lipids regulated by fasting and high-fat feeding and associated with insulin sensitivity. Structurally, these esters are comprised of a C-16 or C-18 fatty acid (e.g., palmitoleic, palmitic, oleic, or stearic acid) linked to either a C-16 or C-18 hydroxy substituent. 12-PAHSA is a FAHFA in which palmitic acid is esterified at the 12th carbon of hydroxy stearic acid. Among the FAHFA family members, PAHSAs are the most abundant in the adipose tissue of glucose tolerant AG4OX mice, which overexpress the Glut4 glucose transporter specifically in adipose tissue. 12-PAHSA is present at 2- to 3-fold higher levels in adipose tissue of AG4OX mice compared to wild type mice. Levels of 12-PAHSA are also higher in fasted wild-type mice compared to fed mice and are reduced upon high-fat diet-induced obesity in insulin-resistant mice.

1-Palmitoyl-D9-2-hydroxy-sn-glycero-3-PA is compound,an analog of LPA with palmitic acid at the sn-1 position,activates reporter gene expression in PC12 cells fitted with human lysophosphatidic acid receptor 4 (LPA4)at 0.01 to 10 µM concentrations. Additionally,1-palmitoyl LPA prompts aggregation in isolated human platelets within the 12-300 µM range,a process reversible by prostaglandin E1 (PGE1),theophylline,or EDTA. It also interacts with calcium and magnesium to boost the efficacy of ampicillin,piperacillin,and ceftazidime against P. aeruginosa strains from cystic fibrosis patients.

1-Palmitoyl-2-12-PAHSA-3-oleoyl-sn-glycerol, an endogenous triacylglycerol, comprises palmitic acid (at the sn-1 position), the fatty acid ester of hydroxy fatty acids (FAHFA), 12-PAHSA (at the sn-2 position), and oleic acid (at the sn-3 position). Identified in the lipid extract of mouse adipose tissue, this triacylglycerol demonstrates that levels of FAHFA-containing triacylglycerols are over 100-fold higher than those of non-esterified FAHFAs, suggesting their role as intracellular storage reservoirs for FAHFAs.