pparδ agonist 2

Pparδ agonist 2 is an agonist of PPARδ.

PPARγ agonist 2 is a highly effective compound that acts as a partial agonist for PPARγ. It exhibits significant potential for utilization in metabolic disease research [1].

2-Bromohexadecanoic acid (2-BP) 是一种不可代谢的棕榈酸酯类似物，一种 PPARδ 的激动剂，可用作棕榈酰化抑制剂，抑制 DHHC 介导的棕榈酰化。

GW0742 是一种有效且特异性的 PPARδ 激动剂，对人 PPARδ、PPARα 和 PPARγ 的 EC50值分别为 1、1.1 和 2 μM。

TUG-1375 是游离脂肪酸受体 2 (FFA2 GPR43) 激动剂(pKi:6.69)。它对 FFA3，FFA4，PPARα，PPARγ，PPARδ，LXRα 或 LXRβ 无作用。

Seladelpar sodium salt (MBX-8025) 是一种具有口服活性、有效且特异性的PPARδ激动剂，EC50值为 2 nM。它对 PPARδ 的选择性分别是对 PPARα 和 PPARγ 的 750 和 2500 多倍。

E17241作为ABCA1基因表达的诱导剂，具有显著的生物活性（EC50 = 280 nM）。它同时也是一种过氧化物酶体增殖激活受体（PPARs）的激动剂，在HepG2细胞中能通过激活PPARγ、PPARα和PPARδ，促进PPAR介导的基因表达（EC50分别为290, 3,900, 和879 nM）。在RAW 264.7巨噬细胞中，E17241可以增强ABCA1蛋白的水平，这一作用在使用针对PKCζ mRNA的siRNA时失效。在用E17241处理的RAW 264.7细胞中，当浓度为0.4, 2, 或 10 µM时，可增加胆固醇的外流。此外，针对ApoE- -小鼠的动脉粥样硬化模型表明，每日25 mg kg的E17241剂量能有效降低血浆中的胆固醇、丙氨酸转氨酶（ALT）、天门冬氨酸转氨酶（AST）水平以及肝脏中的胆固醇和甘油三酯含量，且减少了主动脉的病变面积。此外，每日50 mg kg的E17241剂量可以在高脂高糖（HFHG）饮食下减轻KKAy糖尿病小鼠的血糖水平和体重。

PPARγ δ modulator 2 (Compound 3h) 是一种PPARγ的激动剂与PPARδ的拮抗剂，分别对PPARγ和PPARδ的Ki值为2.8 μM和43 nM。该化合物显著提高脂联素 (Adiponectin) 生成，并促进人骨髓间充质干细胞 (hBM-MSCs) 的脂肪分化，可用于研究与低脂联素血症相关的代谢性疾病。

MBX-8025 is an agonist of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor δ (PPARδ).1 It is greater than 750- and 2,500-fold selective for PPARδ over PPARα and PPARγ. MBX-8025 (10 mg/kg per day for eight weeks) reduces increases in fasting blood glucose and serum insulin levels, and decreases insulin resistance in Alms1 mutant (foz/foz) mice fed an atherogenic diet as a model of diet-induced obesity, type 2 diabetes, and non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH).2 It also decreases serum alanine transaminase (ALT), as well as serum and hepatic cholesterol and triglyceride, levels and reduces markers of NASH in the same model. |1. Bays, H.E., Schwartz, S., Littlejohn, T., 3rd, et al. MBX-8025, a novel peroxisome proliferator receptor-δ agonist: Lipid and other metabolic effects in dyslipidemic overweight patients treated with and without atorvastatin. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 96(9), 2889-2897 (2011).|2. Haczeyni, F., Wang, H., Barn, V., et al. The selective peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-delta agonist seladelpar reverses nonalcoholic steatohepatitis pathology by abrogating lipotoxicity in diabetic obese mice. Hepatol. Commun. 1(7), 663-674 (2017).

ZLY032 is a dual agonist of free fatty acid receptor 1 (FFAR1 GPR40; EC50= 68 nM in a FLIPR assay) and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor δ (PPARδ; EC50= 102 nM in a reporter assay).1It is selective for FFAR1 and PPARδ over PPARα and PPARγ (EC50s = >10 μM for both). ZLY032 (40 mg kg, twice per day) reduces blood glucose levels in an oral glucose tolerance test and decreases plasma total cholesterol and triglyceride levels in theob obmouse model of metabolic disease.2It reduces hepatic steatosis and plasma alanine transaminase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) levels in a mouse model of non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) induced by a methionine and choline-deficient diet at the same dose. 1.Li, Z., Chen, Y., Zhou, Z., et al.Discovery of first-in-class thiazole-based dual FFA1 PPARδ agonists as potential anti-diabetic agentsEur. J. Med. Chem.164352-365(2019) 2.Li, Z., Zhou, Z., Hu, L., et al.ZLY032, the first-in-class dual FFA1 PPARδ agonist, improves glucolipid metabolism and alleviates hepatic fibrosisPharmacol Res.159105035(2020)