mitogenesis

SU5205 是一种 VEGFR2 (FLK-1) 的抑制剂，其IC50=9.6 μM。

Heparan sulfate 属于天然产物，是一种线性多糖。Heparan sulfate 以蛋白多糖 (HSPG) 的形式出现，紧密附着在细胞表面或细胞外基质蛋白上。

EHNA hydrochloride 是一个具有的环核苷酸磷酸二酯酶 2 (PDE2) 和腺苷脱氨酶 (ADA)抑制剂，具有抗癌活性，以治疗时间依赖性方式增加细胞内腺苷浓度。EHNA hydrochloride 抑制 PHA 和 NaI04 有丝分裂发生。

AG 370 是一种吲哚 tyrphostin，是一种有效的PDGF 诱导的有丝分裂抑制剂，IC50值为 20 μM。AG 370 对 EGF 受体的抑制作用较弱。

NGB 2904 是一种具有口服活性的、选择性的多巴胺(DA) D3受体拮抗剂，可用于具可卡因成瘾。

Arachidonic acid is metabolized in the vascular endothelium to epoxytrienoic acids (EETs or EpETrEs) by cytochrome P450 enzymes. The EETs are released in response to acetylcholine, bradykinin, arachidonic acid, or cyclic stretch. (±)14(15)-EET-SI is the methyl sulfonamide analog of 14(15)-EET. This substitution results in a metabolically more stable compound because it is not sensitive to β-oxidation or membrane esterification. (±)14(15)-EET-SI is equipotent to 14(15)-EET in vascular agonist activity as measured by relaxation of precontracted bovine coronary arteries. In addition, 14(15)-EET and the methyl sulfonamide analog both stimulate tyrosine phosphorylation and induce mitogenesis in renal epithelial cells.

PD153035 is a ATP-competitive EGFR inhibitor with an IC50 and Ki of 25 and 6 pM. PD153035 effectively blocks the enhancement of mitogenesis, induction of early gene expression, and oncogenic transformation that occur in response to EGF receptor stimulation. With human fibroblasts and epidermoid carcinoma cells, PD153035 at nanomolar concentrations rapidly inhibits EGFR autophosphorylation. With breast and ovarian cancer cells, PD153035 not only blocks cell growth via inhibition of EGFR, but also upregulates the expression of the tumor suppressor retinoic acid receptor-beta 2 (RAR-beta2).

Phosphatidylinositols, comprising about 10% of total cellular phospholipids, are glycerophospholipids featuring a glycerol backbone, two non-polar fatty acid tails (primarily C16:0 and C18:0), and a polar inositol head group. Synthesized from cytidine diphosphate diacylglycerol (CPD-DAG) and myoinositol via phosphoinositol synthase, these compounds play pivotal roles in cellular processes, including calcium regulation, vesicle trafficking, mitogenesis, cell survival, and actin rearrangement. Phosphorylation of their inositol rings produces phosphoinositides, crucial for these cellular functions. [Matreya, LLC. Catalog No. 1048]

Mammalian bombesin-like peptide neurotransmitter that is an agonist for the gastrin-releasing peptide receptor (GRPR). GRP has been reported to activate GABAergic interneurons in the amygdala leading to increased GABA release and fear suppression in mice

Lipopolysaccharides, from E. coli (Escherichia coli) K-235 是一种来源于大肠杆菌的脂多糖内毒素及TLR-4激活剂，是 S 型 LPS，能够激活免疫系统的病原体相关分子模式 (PAMP)，并诱导细胞分泌迁移体。Lipopolysaccharides, from E. coli K-235 拥有典型的三部分结构：O 抗原 (O-antigen)、核心寡糖 (core oligosaccharide) 和脂质 A (Lipid A)。这种 LPS 对 C57BL 10ScN 脾细胞具有促有丝分裂作用，而经丁醇和脱氧胆酸法纯化的 LPS 对 C57BL 10ScCR 和 C3H HeJ 小鼠的脾细胞有刺激作用。