mitochondrial bioenergetics

α-Lipoic Acid (Alphalipoic acid) 抑制 NF-κB 依赖性 HIV-1 LTR 活化。 α-硫辛酸诱导内质网 (ER) 应激介导的肝癌细胞凋亡。α-硫辛酸是一种抗氧化剂，是线粒体酶复合物的重要辅助因子。

Glibenclamide (Glyburide) 是一种具有口服活性的 ATP 敏感的 K+通道抑制剂，可研究糖尿病和肥胖。它抑制 P-糖蛋白，可直接结合并阻断 KATP 的 SUR1亚基并抑制囊性纤维化跨膜传导调节蛋白。它通过诱导膜离子通透性干扰线粒体生物能，可诱导自噬。

PDK-IN-2（Compound 1F）是一种具有IC50为68 nM的PDK抑制剂。该化合物能够抑制PDK1和PDK4在细胞内的表达，增强线粒体生物能并降低糖酵解表型，同时诱导细胞走向线粒体途径的apoptosis。此外，PDK-IN-2在4T1同基因小鼠模型中能够有效抑制肿瘤生长。

3-hydroxy Palmitic acid is a form of the 16:0 lipid palmitic acid . The lipid A part of lipopolysaccharides contain various 3-hydroxy fatty acids, making oxylipins such as 3-hydroxy palmitic acid useful as chemical markers of endotoxins. In R. solanacearum, 3-hydroxy palmitic acid is converted by an S-adenosyl methionine-dependent methyltransferase to 3-hydroxy palmitic acid methyl ester, which acts as a quorum sensing signal molecule for post-transcriptional modulation of genes involved in virulence. Long-chain 3-hydroxy fatty acids, such as 3-hydroxy palmitic acid, are also known to accumulate during long-chain 3-hydroxy-acyl-CoA dehydrogenase and mitochondrial trifunctional protein deficiencies. Such accumulation induces oxidative stress, leading to mitochondrial bioenergetics deregulation and eventual multi-organ dysfunction.

Bid BH3 peptide, 作为一种源自 Bid 蛋白的小分子肽段, 主要功能是与促凋亡蛋白 Bax 和 Bak 结合并激活它们,进而引起线粒体外膜通透性 (MOMP) 增加和细胞凋亡 (apoptosis).此外,该肽段在线粒体生物能量学领域的研究中也有重要应用.