invertebrates

Octopamine hydrochloride ((±)-p-Octopamine hydrochlorid) 是一种与去甲肾上腺素结构相关的生物单胺类物质，在无脊椎动物中起着神经调节剂、神经激素和神经递质的作用。它对转染人 alpha2-肾上腺素受体(ARs)的中国仓鼠卵巢细胞 α2-ARs 有刺激作用。它提高糖原分解、糖酵解、糖异生、摄氧量和门脉灌注压。

Lamellarin D (Lamellarine D) 是一种从海洋无脊椎动物中分离的六环吡咯生物碱,是一种线粒体靶向型的拓扑异构酶 I 抑制剂，也是一种促凋亡剂。

D-Galactose (Alpha-D-galactose) 属于天然己糖，与葡萄糖结合构成乳糖。D-Galactose 常被用于构建动物衰老模型。

Chitin 是一种大型的结构多糖，存在于真菌的细胞壁、昆虫的外骨骼以及鱼类和无脊椎动物的某些坚硬结构中。

Adhibin 是 RhoGAP IX 类肌球蛋白 (RhoGAP class IX myosin) 的变构抑制剂，能抑制哺乳动物和无脊椎动物中的 Myo9 ATPase，IC50 值分别为 2.5 µM 和 2.6 µM。Adhibin 通过与 ATPase 结合，干扰肌球蛋白的运动功能，阻碍 RhoGTPase 相关信号通路，并影响细胞的迁移、粘附和分裂。该化合物可用于癌症转移研究。

Biosynthesis of 12(R)-HETE in invertebrates is via lipoxygenation of arachidonic acid . In mammals, 12(R)-HETE can be produced by 12(R)-LOs and also by CYP450 oxidation. The activity of 12(R)-HETE in mammals is predominantly proinflammatory. 12(R)-HETE exhibits dose-dependent leukocyte chemotaxis at concentrations as low as 100 nM, and lowers intraocular pressure in rabbits.

Ceramide phosphoethanolamine (CPE) is an analog of sphingomyelin that contains ethanolamine rather than choline as the head group. It is the principal membrane phospholipid in invertebrates such as Drosophila, which lacks sphingomyelin. It is only produced in small amounts in mammalian cells, accounting for approximately 0.02 mol% of total phospholipids in mouse testis and brain. In Drosophila, CPE is biosynthesized by CPE synthase from ceramide and cytidine diphosphate-ethanolamine in the Golgi lumen. In mammals, it is biosynthesized by sphingomyelin synthase 2 (SMS2) in the plasma membrane and by sphingomyelin synthase-related protein (SMSr) in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). In Drosophila, CPE has a role in glial ensheathment of axons. Disrupting CPE synthesis by depleting SMSr in vitro in mammalian cells leads to an accumulation of ER ceramides, which are then mislocalized to the mitochondria, inducing apoptosis. However, ceramide levels are not altered in transgenic mice lacking SMSr catalytic activity. CPEs (bovine) is a mixture of CPEs with variable N-acyl chain lengths.

8(R)-HETE is biosynthesized by lipoxygenation of arachidonic acid in marine invertebrates such as gorgonian corals and starfish. Stereochemical assignment of the (R) enantiomer is based on comparison of chiral HPLC retention times to published results.

Phospho-L-arginine is a phosphorylated form of L-arginine and a highly diffusible, high-energy metabolite and phosphagen involved in energy storage in invertebrates including crustaceans, insects, and Trypanosoma species. In the locust L. migratoria, phospho-L-arginine is found in the flight muscles, where it acts as both a buffer system and shuttle mechanism for high-energy phosphate. Measurement of phospho-L-arginine by 31P-NMR spectroscopy has been used to study invertebrate energy metabolism in vivo.

(-)-Aspartic acid (L-Homoproline) 是一种存在于无脊椎动物和脊椎动物中的内源性氨基酸，是 NMDA 受体激动剂，可调节睾酮合成。

Ser-Ala-alloresact，一种精子激活肽(SAP)，在海洋无脊椎动物卵释放过程中对受精起着关键作用的多肽。

Paucimannose是一种在无脊椎动物和植物中常见的N-糖表位，它的甘露糖苷聚糖形式在癌症中表达。

Ferritin is a protein of 450 kDa consisting of 24 subunits that is present in every cell type. Invertebrates, these subunits are both the light (L) and the heavy (H) type with an apparent molecular weight of 19 kDA or 21 kDA respectively. The ferritin fou

Echinotocin 是一种从海胆中提取的神经肽，主要表现出肌肉收缩的活性。该化合物主要引发海胆的管足及食道收缩，常用于探究神经肽在无脊椎动物的生理及行为功能中的角色。