forskolin g

Forskolin is known to elevate intracellular cAMP levels.

Deacetylforskolin is a diterpene and a derivative of forskolin that has been found inC. forskohliiand has diverse biological activities.1,2,3,4It activates rat adipocyte adenylyl cyclase (IC50= 20 μM) and inhibits glucose transport in rat adipocyte plasma membranes.2Deactylforskolin (30-1,000 μg kg) reduces blood pressure in spontaneously hypertensive rats.3It also attenuates hypercapnia-induced impairments in the passive avoidance response in mice.4 1.Gabetta, B., Zini, G., and Danieli, B.Minor Diterpenoids of Coleus forskohliiPhytochemistry28(3)859-862(1989) 2.Joost, H.G., Habberfield, A.D., Simpson, I.A., et al.Activation of adenylate cyclase and inhibition of glucose transport in rat adipocytes by forskolin analogues: structural determinants for distinct sites of actionMol. Pharmacol.33(4)449-453(1988) 3.Bhat, S.V., Dohadwalla, A.N., Bajwa, B.S., et al.The antihypertensive and positive inotropic diterpene forskolin: Effects of structural modifications on its activityJ. Med. Chem.26(4)486-492(1983) 4.McCulloch, A.J., Thomson, T.A., and Deacon, R.Hypoxic amnesia and its reversal with forskolinBiochem. Soc. Trans.17(1)212-213(1988)

Difelikefalin is a κ-opioid receptor (KOR) agonist.1It activates KOR in HEK293 cells expressing the human receptor (EC50= 0.16 nM in a transactivation assay) and inhibits forskolin-induced cAMP production in R1.G1 mouse thyoma cells (EC50= 0.048 nM). Difelikefalin is selective for KOR over the μ-opioid receptor (MOR; EC50= >1 μM in a transactivation assay). It reduces acetic acid-induced writhing, as well as scratching behavior induced by the KOR antagonist GNTI, in mice (ED50s = 0.07 and 0.05 mg/kg, respectively). 1.Schteingart, C.D., Menzaghi, F., Jiang, G., et al.Synthetic peptide amides(2008)

FFA2 allosteric agonist. Inhibits forskolin-induced cAMP increase and stimulates 35SGTPγS binding in biochemical assays (pEC50 values are 6.9 and 7.23, respectively). Binds at allosteric binding site. In functional assays, displays positive allosteric modulation of FFA-induced Gi signaling and negative allosteric modulation of FFA-induced Gq/G11 signaling. Inhibits lipolytic effect of isoproterenol (pEC50 = 5.03) and induces migration of human neutrophils in vitro. Bolognini et al (2016) A novel allosteric activator of free fatty acid 2 receptor displays unique Gi-functional bias. J.Biol.Chem. 291 18915 PMID:27385588 |Sergeev et al (2017) A single extracellular amino acid in free fatty acid receptor 2 defines antagonist species selectivity and G protein selection bias. Sci.Rep. 7 13741 PMID:29061999

Proadrenomedullin N-terminal 12 peptide (PAMP-12) 是一种内源性肽段，源自人体肾上腺髓质，对应人类PAMP-20的9-20氨基酸，涉及降低血压。它是MAS相关G蛋白偶联受体家族成员X2 (MRGPRX2) 的激动剂。在表达人MRGPRX2的CHO细胞中，PAMP-12抑制forskolin诱导的cAMP积累（EC50 = 57.2 nM），特异性诱导表达MRGPRX2的CHO细胞的钙离子动员（EC50 = 41 nM），而在表达MRGPRX1、MRGPRX3或MRGPRX4的细胞中则无此效应（在1 µM浓度下）。PAMP-12还能作为烟碱型乙酰胆碱受体（nAChRs）的拮抗剂，抑制carbachol诱导的儿茶酚胺释放（IC50 = 1.3 µM）及钙和钠的流入（IC50分别为0.39 µM和0.87 µM），但不抑制组胺诱导的儿茶酚胺释放或钙和钠的流入（IC50 >1 µM），在初级牛肾上腺嗜铬细胞中有此表现。当以10至50 nmol/kg剂量给予正常血压大鼠时，PAMP-12能降低平均动脉血压。