Hirsutide is a cyclotetrapeptide fungal metabolite produced by the entomopathogenic fungus Hirsutella. It has antibacterial activity against C. pyogenes, S. aureus, P. aeruginosa, and K. pneumonia (MICs = 25, 13, 6, and 21 μg/cm3, respectively). Hirsutide also has antifungal activity against C. albicans, M. audouinii, A. niger, and Ganoderma (MICs = 13, 6, 25, and 6 μg/cm3, respectively).
Sphingosine (d14:1) is a bioactive sphingolipid that has been found in B. mori (silkworm), P. clarkii (crayfish), and A. aurita (jellyfish) extracts. It increases the germination rate of N. rileyi, an entomopathogenic fungus, with an EC50 value of 10.2 nM. Sphingosine (d14:1) inhibits protein kinase C (PKC) in vitro (IC50 = 7.3 mol%) as well as superoxide generation induced by phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate in neutrophils and reduces growth of CHO cells (IC50s = 19 and 8 μM, respectively).