9-pahsa

Branched fatty acid esters of hydroxy fatty acids (FAHFAs) are newly identified endogenous lipids regulated by fasting and high-fat feeding and associated with insulin sensitivity. Structurally, these esters are comprised of a C-16 or C-18 fatty acid (e.g., palmitoleic, palmitic, oleic, or stearic acid) linked to a hydroxylated C-16 or C-18 lipid. 9-PAHSA is a FAHFA in which palmitic acid is esterified to 9-hydroxy stearic acid. PAHSAs are the most abundant forms of FAHFA in serum as well as white and brown adipose tissues of glucose tolerant AG4OX mice, which overexpress Glut4 specifically in adipose tissue. 9-PAHSA is the predominant isomer of PAHSA in wild type and AG4OX mice. It is found in humans and is reduced in the serum and adipose tissues of insulin-resistant humans. 9-PAHSA improves glucose tolerance, stimulates insulin secretion, and has anti-inflammatory effects in mice.

Branched fatty acid esters of hydroxy fatty acids (FAHFAs) are a class of endogenous lipids whose levels are modulated by fasting and high-fat diets, and they play a role in insulin sensitivity. These compounds consist of a fatty acid—either a C-16 or C-18, such as palmitoleic, palmitic, oleic, or stearic acid—esterified to a hydroxylated C-16 or C-18 lipid. One notable FAHFA, 9-PAHSA, features an ester linkage between palmitic acid and 9-hydroxy stearic acid. PAHSAs, with 9-PAHSA being the most prevalent isomer, are significantly found in the serum and both white and brown adipose tissues of glucose-tolerant AG4OX mice, which express the Glut4 gene in adipose tissue, enhancing insulin sensitivity. Additionally, 9-PAHSA is abundant in wild type and AG4OX mice and present in humans, though at reduced levels in those with insulin resistance. 9-PAHSA is associated with improved glucose tolerance, enhanced insulin secretion, and anti-inflammatory effects in mice. The compound 19-PAHSA^13C4 represents an isotopically enriched form of this polyunsaturated fatty acid.

9(R)-PAHSA is a stereoisomer of 9-PAHSA , an endogenous lipid that belongs to a collection of branched fatty acid esters of hydroxy fatty acids (FAHFAs).

9-hydroxy Stearic Acid 是一种羟基脂肪酸，是9-PAHSA 的活性代谢物。9-hydroxy Stearic Acid 是由9-PAHSA 通过肝脏和胰腺的羧基酯脂肪酶形成的。9-hydroxy Stearic Acid (5 μM)抑制HT-29结肠癌细胞裂解物中组蛋白去乙酰化酶1 (HDAC1)的表达。3 .当浓度为100 μM.1时，可抑制HT-29细胞的增殖，并诱导细胞周期阻滞于G0 g1期。

JJH260 is an N-hydroxy hydantoin carbamate that inhibits androgen-induced gene 1 (AIG1), an enzyme that hydrolyzes fatty acid esters of hydroxy fatty acids (FAHFAs). It blocks the hydrolysis of 9-PAHSA with an IC50 value of 0.57 μM. JJH260 also inhibits the novel FAHFA hydrolase androgen-dependent TFPI-regulating protein (ADTRP; IC50 = 8.5 μM), as well as the serine hydrolase ABHD6 and the lysophospholipases LYPLA1 and LYPLA2. JJH260 inhibits the FAHFA hydrolase activity of LNCaP and T cell lysates and intact cells.

ABC34 is an inactive control probe for JJH260 , the inhibitor of androgen-induced gene 1 (AIG1), an enzyme that hydrolyzes fatty acid esters of hydroxy fatty acids (FAHFAs). ABC34 demonstrates an IC50 value greater than 25 μM for the inhibition of 9-PAHSA but is more potent in blocking the serine hydrolase ABHD6 and the palmitoyl-protein hydrolase PPT1, which are both off-targets of JJH260.