1-palmitoyl lysophosphatidic acid

1-Palmitoyl Lysophosphatidic Acid 是 LPA 的类似物，通过结合 Ca2+ 和 Mg2+ 提高氨苄西林、哌拉西林和头孢他啶对各种铜绿假单胞菌菌株的作用。

1-Palmitoyl lysophosphatidic acid (1-Palmitoyl LPA) is a LPA analog containing palmitic acid at the sn-1 position. LPA binds to one of five different G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) to mediate a variety of biological responses including cell proliferation, smooth muscle contraction, platelet aggregation, neurite retraction, and cell motility. In addition to playing a role in the aforementioned biological responses, 1-palmitoyl LPA enhances the action of β-lactam antibiotics (ampicillin, piperacillin, and ceftazidime) on various strains of Pseudomonas aeruginosa, a pathogen associated with pulmonary disease and pneumonia, via binding both Ca2+ and Mg2+.

16:0 Cyclic LPA (1-Palmitoyl-sn-glycero-2,3-cyclic-phosphate) ammonium 是一种棕榈酰环状磷脂酸。

XY-4是1-棕榈酰基溶血磷脂酸(1-palmitoyl LPA094)的衍生物，同时也是过氧化物酶体增殖物激活受体γ(PPARγ)的激动剂。当浓度为5 µM时，能在表达过氧化物酶体增殖物反应元件(PPRE)的RAW 264.7巨噬细胞中诱导报告基因的表达。XY-4不作为溶血磷脂酸受体1(LPA1)、LPA2或LPA3的激动剂。在1 µM的浓度下，它能在体外诱导血小板聚集。XY-4诱导大鼠颈动脉内膜新生。

Palmitoyl 3-carbacyclic phosphatidic acid，一种棕榈酰化的Carba类环磷脂酸，作为溶血磷脂酸(LPA)的类似物，展现了与LPA不同的功能。该化合物通过抑制RhoA的激活，进而能够阻止黑色素瘤细胞的迁移。在B16-F0异种移植小鼠模型中，Palmitoyl 3-carbacyclic phosphatidic acid有效抑制了实验性肺转移，并显著减少了肿瘤结节的数量。

1-Palmitoyl-d9-2-hydroxy-sn-glycero-3-PA (1-palmitoyl-d9LPA) serves as an internal standard for the quantification of 1-palmitoyl LPA using GC- or LC-MS. This compound, an analog of LPA with palmitic acid at the sn-1 position, activates reporter gene expression in PC12 cells fitted with human lysophosphatidic acid receptor 4 (LPA4) at 0.01 to 10 µM concentrations. Additionally, 1-palmitoyl LPA prompts aggregation in isolated human platelets within the 12-300 µM range, a process reversible by prostaglandin E1 (PGE1), theophylline, or EDTA. It also interacts with calcium and magnesium to boost the efficacy of ampicillin, piperacillin, and ceftazidime against P. aeruginosa strains from cystic fibrosis patients.