mitochondria stress

Chloramphenicol (Chloromycetin) 是一种广谱抗生素，有效抑制细菌蛋白质生物合成。Chloramphenicol 主要作用于细菌 70S 核糖体的 50S 亚基，对肽基转移酶有活性，抑制肽键的形成。

4-Hydroxynonenal (4-HNE) 是一种 α，β 不饱和羟基烯醛，可作为氧化 亚硝化应激生物标志物。它是ALDH2的底物和抑制剂。它可以调节许多信号传导过程，主要是通过与蛋白质，核酸和膜脂质中具有亲核官能团的共价加合物形成的。它通过线粒体在癌症中起重要作用。

Nur77 modulator 1 可与Nur77结合，KD 为 3.58 μM。它上调 Nur77 表达，介导Nur77亚细胞定位，诱导Nur77 依赖的内质网应激和自噬，可导致细胞凋亡，Nur77 modulator 1显示出抗肝癌生物活性。

RPS6-IN-1(Compound 22o)通过抑制细胞转移和诱导细胞凋亡(Apoptosis),增强Bax、p53、cleaved-caspase 3及cleaved-PARP的表达,从而发挥其抗癌效果.此外,RPS6-IN-1还能降低线粒体膜电位,并且通过PI3K-Akt-mTOR信号通路激活自噬(Autophagy),对细胞内的线粒体和溶酶体造成损伤,引起内质网应激.同时,这种化合物抑制RPS6的磷酸化,表现出较低的全身毒性,是一种有效的抗化合物.

Mitoquinol 是一种线粒体靶向抗氧化剂，通过调节线粒体抗氧化防御系统减轻 DEN 诱导的氧化应激，可用于研究心血管疾病。

Vatiquinone, also known as EPI 743, is an orally bioavailable para-benzoquinone being developed for inherited mitochondrial diseases. The mechanism of action of EPI-743 involves augmenting the synthesis of glutathione, optimizing metabolic control, enhanc

NecroIr1 是一种铱 (III) 复合物，是顺铂 (Cisplatin) 耐药肺癌细胞 (A549R) 的坏死诱导剂。NecroIr1 选择性积累在线粒体中，导致氧化应激和线粒体膜电位 (MMP) 的损失。NecroIr1 能够激活受体相互作用的丝氨酸苏氨酸激酶 3 (RIPK3) 和混合谱系激酶结构域样假激酶 (MLKL)，调节CDK4表达。

FABPs ligand 6 (MF6) 是一种具有选择性的 FABP5 和 FABP7 抑制剂，可降低小鼠脊髓中的氧化应激水平以及原代星形胶质细胞培养物中脂多糖刺激的白细胞介素-1β 和肿瘤坏死因子α积累。FABPs ligand 6 通过 FABP5 抑制对 EAE 小鼠少突胶质细胞中的线粒体具有强大的保护功能。

BI-6C9 是一种高特异性的 BH3 相互作用结构域抑制剂，可阻止线粒体外膜电位和线粒体分裂，并保护细胞免受线粒体凋亡诱导因子释放和不依赖 caspase 的细胞死亡。

MitoPQ (MitoParaquat) 是一个线粒体靶向的小分子化合物。MitoPQ 选择性加强线粒体超氧化物和过氧化氢的含量，抑制胰岛素刺激的葡萄糖摄取和葡萄糖转运蛋白 4 (GLUT4） 向脂肪细胞和肌管中质膜的易位。MitoPQ 可用于研究线粒体氧化应激与调节的 GLUT4 转运。

QD325 is a potent redox modulator for the Treatment of Pancreatic Ductal Adenocarcinoma. Nascent RNA sequencing following treatments with QD325 revealed induction of stress responses in the nucleus, endoplasmic reticulum, and mitochondria of pancreatic ca

Demethyleneberberine 是从黄连中提取的一种天然产物，是线粒体靶向抗氧化剂。它也可作为AMPK 激活剂，用于非酒精性脂肪性肝病的研究。它通过抑制NF-κB 通路和调节 Th 细胞的平衡来减轻小鼠结肠炎并抑制炎症反应。

IBTP is a lipophilic cation that is accumulated in mitochondria and forms stable thioether adducts in a thiol-specific manner. As a result, mitochondrial proteins that have changed thiol redox state following oxidative stress are selectively tagged with IBTP and can be separated by two-dimensional electrophoresis and isolated. IBTP-tagged proteins can also be evaluated by immunoblotting using an antibody directed against the triphenylphosphonium moiety of the IBTP molecule. IBTP has also been used as a mitochondria-targeted soft electrophile to inhibit mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation.

PGBx is a mixture of oligomers of PGB1 with a molecular weight of 1,000-1,500. It has antioxidant and free radical trapping activity that was first studied in isolated mitochondria.1 PGBx has anti-inflammatory and cytoprotective activity which may be attributed to inhibition of the 14 kDa sPLA2.2,3 At a dose of 1 mg/kg, PGBx significantly reduces the incidence of ulcers in rats.2References1. Polis, B.D., Polis, E., and Kwong, S. Protection and reactivation of oxidative phosphorylation in mitochondria by a stable free-radical prostaglandin polymer (PGBΧ). Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 76, 1598-1602 (1979).2. Kumashiro, R., Devlin, T.M., Kholoussy, A.M., et al. Prostaglandin BΧ in the prevention of stress ulcers in rats. International Surgery 70, 247-250 (1985).3. Franson, R.C., Rosenthal, M.D., and Regelson, W. Mechanism(s) of cytoprotective and anti-inflammatory activity of PGB1 oligomers: PGBx has potent anti-phospholipase A2 and anti-oxidant activity. Prostaglandins, Leukotrienes and Essential Fatty Acids 43, 63-70 (1991). PGBx is a mixture of oligomers of PGB1 with a molecular weight of 1,000-1,500. It has antioxidant and free radical trapping activity that was first studied in isolated mitochondria.1 PGBx has anti-inflammatory and cytoprotective activity which may be attributed to inhibition of the 14 kDa sPLA2.2,3 At a dose of 1 mg/kg, PGBx significantly reduces the incidence of ulcers in rats.2 References1. Polis, B.D., Polis, E., and Kwong, S. Protection and reactivation of oxidative phosphorylation in mitochondria by a stable free-radical prostaglandin polymer (PGBΧ). Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 76, 1598-1602 (1979).2. Kumashiro, R., Devlin, T.M., Kholoussy, A.M., et al. Prostaglandin BΧ in the prevention of stress ulcers in rats. International Surgery 70, 247-250 (1985).3. Franson, R.C., Rosenthal, M.D., and Regelson, W. Mechanism(s) of cytoprotective and anti-inflammatory activity of PGB1 oligomers: PGBx has potent anti-phospholipase A2 and anti-oxidant activity. Prostaglandins, Leukotrienes and Essential Fatty Acids 43, 63-70 (1991).

HT-2 toxin-13C22is intended for use as an internal standard for the quantification of HT-2 toxin by GC- or LC-MS. HT-2 toxin is a type A trichothecene mycotoxin and an active, deacetylated metabolite of the trichothecene mycotoxin T-2 toxin .1,2Like T-2 toxin, HT-2 toxin inhibits protein synthesis and cell proliferation in plants.2HT-2 toxin also reduces viability of HepG2, A549, HEp-2, Caco-2, A-204, U937, Jurkat, and RPMI-8226 cancer cells with IC50values ranging from 3.1 to 23 ng ml and human umbilical vein endothelial cells with an IC50value of 56.4 ng ml.1It induces oxidative stress, DNA damage, and autophagy in, as well as halts the development of, cultured mouse embryos when used at a concentration of 10 nM.3HT-2 toxin has been found in cereal grains and food products.4,5 1.Nielsen, C., Casteel, M., Didier, A., et al.Trichothecene-induced cytotoxicity on human cell linesMycotoxin Res.25(2)77-84(2009) 2.Nathanail, A.V., Varga, E., Meng-Reiterer, J., et al.Metabolism of the fusarium mycotoxins T-2 toxin and HT-2 toxin in wheatJ. Agric. Food Chem.63(35)7862-7872(2015) 3.Zhang, L., Li, L., Xu, J., et al.HT-2 toxin exposure induces mitochondria dysfunction and DNA damage during mouse early embryo developmentReprod. Toxicol.85104-109(2019) 4.Langseth, W., and Rundberget, T.The occurrence of HT-2 toxin and other trichothecenes in Norwegian cerealsMycopathologia147(3)157-165(1999) 5.Al-Taher, F., Cappozzo, J., Zweigenbaum, J., et al.Detection and quantitation of mycotoxins in infant cereals in the U.S. market by LC-MS MS using a stable isotope dilution assayFood Control72(Part A)27-35(2017)

NecroIr2 是一种铱 (III) 复合物，是顺铂 (Cisplatin) 耐药肺癌细胞 (A549R) 的坏死诱导剂。NecroIr2 选择性积累在线粒体中，导致氧化应激和线粒体膜电位 (MMP) 的损失。NecroIr2 能够激活受体相互作用的丝氨酸苏氨酸激酶 3 (RIPK3) 和混合谱系激酶结构域样假激酶 (MLKL)，调节CDK4表达。